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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This procedure shows how to create a **bootable** and **installable** Ubuntu Liv
Install applications we need to build the environment.
```
```shell
sudo apt-get install \
binutils \
debootstrap \
@ -17,14 +17,15 @@ sudo apt-get install \
mtools
```
```
```shell
mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
## Bootstrap and Configure Ubuntu
* Checkout bootstrap
```
```shell
sudo debootstrap \
--arch=amd64 \
--variant=minbase \
@ -32,14 +33,17 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
$HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot \
http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
```
> **debootstrap** is used to create a Debian base system from scratch, without requiring the availability of **dpkg** or **apt**. It does this by downloading .deb files from a mirror site, and carefully unpacking them into a directory which can eventually be **chrooted** into.
* Configure external mount points
```
```shell
sudo mount --bind /dev $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/dev
sudo mount --bind /run $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
```
As we will be updating and installing packages (grub among them), these mount points are necessary inside the chroot environment, so we are able to finish the installation without errors.
## Define chroot environment
@ -49,12 +53,14 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
> Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot
1. **Access chroot environment**
```
```shell
sudo chroot $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot
```
2. **Configure mount points, home and locale**
```
```shell
mount none -t proc /proc
mount none -t sysfs /sys
@ -69,12 +75,14 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
These mount points are necessary inside the chroot environment, so we are able to finish the installation without errors.
3. **Set a custom hostname**
```
```shell
echo "ubuntu-fs-live" > /etc/hostname
```
4. **Configure apt sources.list**
```
```shell
cat <<EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
@ -88,33 +96,40 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
5. **Update indexes packages**
```
```shell
apt-get update
```
6. **Install systemd**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y systemd-sysv
```
> **systemd** is a system and service manager for Linux. It provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.
7. **Configure machine-id and divert**
```
```shell
dbus-uuidgen > /etc/machine-id
ln -fs /etc/machine-id /var/lib/dbus/machine-id
```
> The `/etc/machine-id` file contains the unique machine ID of the local system that is set during installation or boot. The machine ID is a single newline-terminated, hexadecimal, 32-character, lowercase ID. When decoded from hexadecimal, this corresponds to a 16-byte/128-bit value. This ID may not be all zeros.
```
```shell
dpkg-divert --local --rename --add /sbin/initctl
ln -s /bin/true /sbin/initctl
```
> **dpkg-divert** is the utility used to set up and update the list of diversions.
8. **Install packages needed for Live System**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y \
ubuntu-standard \
casper \
@ -149,7 +164,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
</p>
9. **Graphical installer**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y \
ubiquity \
ubiquity-casper \
@ -175,7 +191,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
</p>
10. **Install window manager**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y \
plymouth-theme-ubuntu-logo \
ubuntu-gnome-desktop \
@ -183,7 +200,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
11. **Install useful applications**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y \
clamav-daemon \
terminator \
@ -197,7 +215,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
12. **Install Visual Studio Code (optional)**
1. Download and install the key
```
```shell
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > microsoft.gpg
install -o root -g root -m 644 microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
@ -208,7 +227,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Then update the package cache and install the package using
```
```shell
apt-get update
apt-get install -y code
@ -217,28 +237,32 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
13. **Install Google Chrome (optional)**
1. Download and install the key
```
```shell
wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add -
echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list
```
2. Then update the package cache and install the package using
```
```shell
apt-get update
apt-get install google-chrome-stable
```
14. **Install Java JDK 8 (optional)**
```
```shell
apt-get install -y \
openjdk-8-jdk \
openjdk-8-jre
```
15. **Remove unused applications (optional)**
```
```shell
apt-get purge -y \
transmission-gtk \
transmission-common \
@ -250,14 +274,16 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
16. **Remove unused packages**
```
```shell
apt-get autoremove -y
```
17. **Reconfigure packages**
1. Generate locales
```
```shell
dpkg-reconfigure locales
```
@ -272,7 +298,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
</p>
2. Reconfigure resolvconf
```
```shell
dpkg-reconfigure resolvconf
```
@ -290,7 +317,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
</p>
3. Configure network-manager
```
```shell
cat <<EOF > /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
[main]
rc-manager=resolvconf
@ -303,26 +331,30 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
4. Reconfigure network-manager
```
```shell
dpkg-reconfigure network-manager
```
18. **Cleanup the chroot environment**
1. If you installed software, be sure to run
```
```shell
truncate -s 0 /etc/machine-id
```
2. Remove the diversion
```
```shell
rm /sbin/initctl
dpkg-divert --rename --remove /sbin/initctl
```
3. Clean up
```
```shell
apt-get clean
rm -rf /tmp/* ~/.bash_history
@ -339,7 +371,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
## Unbind mount points
```
```shell
sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/dev
sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
@ -348,29 +381,34 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
## Create the CD image directory and populate it
1. Access build directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Create directories
```
```shell
mkdir -p image/{casper,isolinux,install}
```
2. Copy kernel images
```
3. Copy kernel images
```shell
sudo cp chroot/boot/vmlinuz-**-**-generic image/casper/vmlinuz
sudo cp chroot/boot/initrd.img-**-**-generic image/casper/initrd
```
3. Copy memtest86+ binary (BIOS)
```
4. Copy memtest86+ binary (BIOS)
```shell
sudo cp chroot/boot/memtest86+.bin image/install/memtest86+
```
4. Download and extract memtest86 binary (UEFI)
```
5. Download and extract memtest86 binary (UEFI)
```shell
wget --progress=dot https://www.memtest86.com/downloads/memtest86-usb.zip -O image/install/memtest86-usb.zip
unzip -p image/install/memtest86-usb.zip memtest86-usb.img > image/install/memtest86
@ -381,17 +419,20 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
## Grub configuration
1. Access build directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Create base point access file for grub
```
```shell
touch image/ubuntu
```
2. Create image/isolinux/grub.cfg
```
3. Create image/isolinux/grub.cfg
```shell
cat <<EOF > image/isolinux/grub.cfg
search --set=root --file /ubuntu
@ -431,15 +472,18 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
```
## Create manifest
In the next steps the creation of the manifest is important because it tells us which version of each package installed in the Live version and which packages will be removed or maintained in the version that will be installed (persisted in the hard drive).
1. Access build directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Generate manifest
```
```shell
sudo chroot chroot dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n' | sudo tee image/casper/filesystem.manifest
sudo cp -v image/casper/filesystem.manifest image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
@ -456,36 +500,43 @@ In the next steps the creation of the manifest is important because it tells us
```
## Compress the chroot
After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** environment, we need to generate an image of everything that was done by following the next steps.
1. Access build directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Create squashfs
```
```shell
sudo mksquashfs chroot image/casper/filesystem.squashfs
```
> **Squashfs** is a highly compressed read-only filesystem for Linux. It uses zlib compression to compress both files, inodes and directories. Inodes in the system are very small and all blocks are packed to minimize data overhead. Block sizes greater than 4K are supported up to a maximum of 64K.
> **Squashfs** is a highly compressed read-only filesystem for Linux. It uses zlib compression to compress both files, inodes and directories. Inodes in the system are very small and all blocks are packed to minimize data overhead. Block sizes greater than 4K are supported up to a maximum of 64K.
> **Squashfs** is intended for general read-only filesystem use, for archival use (i.e. in cases where a .tar.gz file may be used), and in constrained block device/memory systems (e.g. **embedded systems**) where low overhead is needed.
3. Write the filesystem.size
```
```shell
printf $(sudo du -sx --block-size=1 chroot | cut -f1) > image/casper/filesystem.size
```
## Create diskdefines
**README** file often found on Linux LiveCD installer discs, such as an Ubuntu Linux installation CD; typically named “**README.diskdefines**” and may be referenced during installation.
1. Access build directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
```
2. Create file image/README.diskdefines
```
```shell
cat <<EOF > image/README.diskdefines
#define DISKNAME Ubuntu from scratch
#define TYPE binary
@ -502,12 +553,14 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
## Create ISO Image for a LiveCD (BIOS + UEFI)
1. Access image directory
```
```shell
cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/image
```
2. Create a grub UEFI image
```
```shell
grub-mkstandalone \
--format=x86_64-efi \
--output=isolinux/bootx64.efi \
@ -516,8 +569,9 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
"boot/grub/grub.cfg=isolinux/grub.cfg"
```
4. Create a FAT16 UEFI boot disk image containing the EFI bootloader
```
3. Create a FAT16 UEFI boot disk image containing the EFI bootloader
```shell
(
cd isolinux && \
dd if=/dev/zero of=efiboot.img bs=1M count=10 && \
@ -527,8 +581,9 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
)
```
5. Create a grub BIOS image
```
4. Create a grub BIOS image
```shell
grub-mkstandalone \
--format=i386-pc \
--output=isolinux/core.img \
@ -539,18 +594,21 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
"boot/grub/grub.cfg=isolinux/grub.cfg"
```
6. Combine a bootable Grub cdboot.img
```
5. Combine a bootable Grub cdboot.img
```shell
cat /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/cdboot.img isolinux/core.img > isolinux/bios.img
```
7. Generate md5sum.txt
```
6. Generate md5sum.txt
```shell
sudo /bin/bash -c "(find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum | grep -v "\./md5sum.txt" > md5sum.txt)"
```
7. Create iso from the image directory using the command-line
```
```shell
sudo xorriso \
-as mkisofs \
-iso-level 3 \
@ -577,6 +635,7 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
## Make a bootable USB image
It is simple and easy, using "dd"
```
```shell
sudo dd if=ubuntu-from-scratch.iso of=<device> status=progress oflag=sync
```