Updata README.md
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Marcos Vallim
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README.md
225
README.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This procedure shows how to create a **bootable** and **installable** Ubuntu Liv
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Install applications we need to build the environment.
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```
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```shell
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sudo apt-get install \
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binutils \
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debootstrap \
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@ -17,14 +17,15 @@ sudo apt-get install \
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mtools
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```
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```
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```shell
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mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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## Bootstrap and Configure Ubuntu
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* Checkout bootstrap
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```
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```shell
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sudo debootstrap \
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--arch=amd64 \
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--variant=minbase \
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@ -32,14 +33,17 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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$HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot \
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http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
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```
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> **debootstrap** is used to create a Debian base system from scratch, without requiring the availability of **dpkg** or **apt**. It does this by downloading .deb files from a mirror site, and carefully unpacking them into a directory which can eventually be **chrooted** into.
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* Configure external mount points
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```
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```shell
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sudo mount --bind /dev $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/dev
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sudo mount --bind /run $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
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```
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As we will be updating and installing packages (grub among them), these mount points are necessary inside the chroot environment, so we are able to finish the installation without errors.
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## Define chroot environment
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@ -49,12 +53,14 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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> Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot
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1. **Access chroot environment**
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```
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```shell
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sudo chroot $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot
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```
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2. **Configure mount points, home and locale**
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```
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```shell
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mount none -t proc /proc
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mount none -t sysfs /sys
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@ -69,12 +75,14 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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These mount points are necessary inside the chroot environment, so we are able to finish the installation without errors.
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3. **Set a custom hostname**
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```
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```shell
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echo "ubuntu-fs-live" > /etc/hostname
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```
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4. **Configure apt sources.list**
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```
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```shell
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cat <<EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list
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deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
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deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
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@ -88,33 +96,40 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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5. **Update indexes packages**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get update
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```
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6. **Install systemd**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y systemd-sysv
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```
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> **systemd** is a system and service manager for Linux. It provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.
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7. **Configure machine-id and divert**
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```
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```shell
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dbus-uuidgen > /etc/machine-id
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ln -fs /etc/machine-id /var/lib/dbus/machine-id
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```
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> The `/etc/machine-id` file contains the unique machine ID of the local system that is set during installation or boot. The machine ID is a single newline-terminated, hexadecimal, 32-character, lowercase ID. When decoded from hexadecimal, this corresponds to a 16-byte/128-bit value. This ID may not be all zeros.
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```
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```shell
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dpkg-divert --local --rename --add /sbin/initctl
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ln -s /bin/true /sbin/initctl
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```
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> **dpkg-divert** is the utility used to set up and update the list of diversions.
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8. **Install packages needed for Live System**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y \
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ubuntu-standard \
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casper \
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@ -149,7 +164,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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</p>
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9. **Graphical installer**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y \
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ubiquity \
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ubiquity-casper \
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@ -175,7 +191,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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</p>
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10. **Install window manager**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y \
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plymouth-theme-ubuntu-logo \
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ubuntu-gnome-desktop \
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@ -183,7 +200,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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11. **Install useful applications**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y \
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clamav-daemon \
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terminator \
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@ -196,49 +214,55 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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12. **Install Visual Studio Code (optional)**
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1. Download and install the key
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```
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1. Download and install the key
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```shell
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curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > microsoft.gpg
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install -o root -g root -m 644 microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
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echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list
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rm microsoft.gpg
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```
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2. Then update the package cache and install the package using
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```
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```shell
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apt-get update
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apt-get install -y code
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```
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13. **Install Google Chrome (optional)**
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1. Download and install the key
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```
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1. Download and install the key
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```shell
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wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add -
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echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list
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```
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2. Then update the package cache and install the package using
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```
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```shell
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apt-get update
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apt-get install google-chrome-stable
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```
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14. **Install Java JDK 8 (optional)**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get install -y \
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openjdk-8-jdk \
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openjdk-8-jre
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```
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15. **Remove unused applications (optional)**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get purge -y \
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transmission-gtk \
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transmission-common \
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@ -250,14 +274,16 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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16. **Remove unused packages**
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```
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```shell
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apt-get autoremove -y
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```
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17. **Reconfigure packages**
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1. Generate locales
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```
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```shell
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dpkg-reconfigure locales
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```
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@ -272,7 +298,8 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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</p>
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2. Reconfigure resolvconf
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```
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```shell
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dpkg-reconfigure resolvconf
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```
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@ -290,56 +317,62 @@ mkdir $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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</p>
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3. Configure network-manager
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```
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```shell
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cat <<EOF > /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
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[main]
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rc-manager=resolvconf
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plugins=ifupdown,keyfile
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dns=dnsmasq
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[ifupdown]
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managed=false
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EOF
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```
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4. Reconfigure network-manager
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```
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```shell
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dpkg-reconfigure network-manager
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```
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18. **Cleanup the chroot environment**
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1. If you installed software, be sure to run
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```
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truncate -s 0 /etc/machine-id
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```shell
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truncate -s 0 /etc/machine-id
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```
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2. Remove the diversion
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```
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```shell
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rm /sbin/initctl
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dpkg-divert --rename --remove /sbin/initctl
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```
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3. Clean up
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```
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```shell
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apt-get clean
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rm -rf /tmp/* ~/.bash_history
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umount /proc
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umount /sys
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umount /dev/pts
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export HISTSIZE=0
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exit
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```
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## Unbind mount points
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```
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```shell
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sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/dev
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sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
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@ -348,50 +381,58 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
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## Create the CD image directory and populate it
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1. Access build directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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2. Create directories
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```
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```shell
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mkdir -p image/{casper,isolinux,install}
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```
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2. Copy kernel images
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```
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3. Copy kernel images
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```shell
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sudo cp chroot/boot/vmlinuz-**-**-generic image/casper/vmlinuz
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sudo cp chroot/boot/initrd.img-**-**-generic image/casper/initrd
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```
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3. Copy memtest86+ binary (BIOS)
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```
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4. Copy memtest86+ binary (BIOS)
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```shell
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sudo cp chroot/boot/memtest86+.bin image/install/memtest86+
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```
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4. Download and extract memtest86 binary (UEFI)
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```
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5. Download and extract memtest86 binary (UEFI)
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```shell
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wget --progress=dot https://www.memtest86.com/downloads/memtest86-usb.zip -O image/install/memtest86-usb.zip
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unzip -p image/install/memtest86-usb.zip memtest86-usb.img > image/install/memtest86
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rm image/install/memtest86-usb.zip
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```
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## Grub configuration
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1. Access build directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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2. Create base point access file for grub
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```
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```shell
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touch image/ubuntu
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```
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2. Create image/isolinux/grub.cfg
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```
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3. Create image/isolinux/grub.cfg
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```shell
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cat <<EOF > image/isolinux/grub.cfg
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search --set=root --file /ubuntu
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@ -419,7 +460,7 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
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menuentry "Test memory Memtest86+ (BIOS)" {
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linux16 /install/memtest86+
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}
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menuentry "Test memory Memtest86 (UEFI, long load time)" {
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insmod part_gpt
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insmod search_fs_uuid
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@ -431,61 +472,71 @@ sudo umount $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/chroot/run
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```
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## Create manifest
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In the next steps the creation of the manifest is important because it tells us which version of each package installed in the Live version and which packages will be removed or maintained in the version that will be installed (persisted in the hard drive).
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1. Access build directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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2. Generate manifest
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```
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```shell
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sudo chroot chroot dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n' | sudo tee image/casper/filesystem.manifest
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sudo cp -v image/casper/filesystem.manifest image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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sudo sed -i '/ubiquity/d' image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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sudo sed -i '/casper/d' image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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sudo sed -i '/discover/d' image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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sudo sed -i '/laptop-detect/d' image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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sudo sed -i '/os-prober/d' image/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
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```
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## Compress the chroot
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After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** environment, we need to generate an image of everything that was done by following the next steps.
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1. Access build directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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2. Create squashfs
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```
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```shell
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sudo mksquashfs chroot image/casper/filesystem.squashfs
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```
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> **Squashfs** is a highly compressed read-only filesystem for Linux. It uses zlib compression to compress both files, inodes and directories. Inodes in the system are very small and all blocks are packed to minimize data overhead. Block sizes greater than 4K are supported up to a maximum of 64K.
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> **Squashfs** is a highly compressed read-only filesystem for Linux. It uses zlib compression to compress both files, inodes and directories. Inodes in the system are very small and all blocks are packed to minimize data overhead. Block sizes greater than 4K are supported up to a maximum of 64K.
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> **Squashfs** is intended for general read-only filesystem use, for archival use (i.e. in cases where a .tar.gz file may be used), and in constrained block device/memory systems (e.g. **embedded systems**) where low overhead is needed.
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3. Write the filesystem.size
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```
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```shell
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printf $(sudo du -sx --block-size=1 chroot | cut -f1) > image/casper/filesystem.size
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```
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## Create diskdefines
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**README** file often found on Linux LiveCD installer discs, such as an Ubuntu Linux installation CD; typically named “**README.diskdefines**” and may be referenced during installation.
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1. Access build directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch
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```
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2. Create file image/README.diskdefines
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```
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```shell
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cat <<EOF > image/README.diskdefines
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#define DISKNAME Ubuntu from scratch
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#define TYPE binary
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@ -502,22 +553,25 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
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## Create ISO Image for a LiveCD (BIOS + UEFI)
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1. Access image directory
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```
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```shell
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cd $HOME/live-ubuntu-from-scratch/image
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```
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2. Create a grub UEFI image
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```
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```shell
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grub-mkstandalone \
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--format=x86_64-efi \
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--output=isolinux/bootx64.efi \
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--locales="" \
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--fonts="" \
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"boot/grub/grub.cfg=isolinux/grub.cfg"
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"boot/grub/grub.cfg=isolinux/grub.cfg"
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```
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4. Create a FAT16 UEFI boot disk image containing the EFI bootloader
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```
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3. Create a FAT16 UEFI boot disk image containing the EFI bootloader
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```shell
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(
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cd isolinux && \
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dd if=/dev/zero of=efiboot.img bs=1M count=10 && \
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@ -527,8 +581,9 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
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)
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```
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5. Create a grub BIOS image
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```
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4. Create a grub BIOS image
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```shell
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grub-mkstandalone \
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--format=i386-pc \
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--output=isolinux/core.img \
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@ -539,18 +594,21 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
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"boot/grub/grub.cfg=isolinux/grub.cfg"
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```
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6. Combine a bootable Grub cdboot.img
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```
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5. Combine a bootable Grub cdboot.img
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```shell
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cat /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/cdboot.img isolinux/core.img > isolinux/bios.img
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```
|
||||
|
||||
7. Generate md5sum.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
6. Generate md5sum.txt
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
sudo /bin/bash -c "(find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum | grep -v "\./md5sum.txt" > md5sum.txt)"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
7. Create iso from the image directory using the command-line
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
sudo xorriso \
|
||||
-as mkisofs \
|
||||
-iso-level 3 \
|
||||
|
|
@ -577,6 +635,7 @@ After everything has been installed and preconfigured in the **chrooted** enviro
|
|||
## Make a bootable USB image
|
||||
|
||||
It is simple and easy, using "dd"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
sudo dd if=ubuntu-from-scratch.iso of=<device> status=progress oflag=sync
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue