chore(git): stop tracking runtime db state files

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>

.cursor/rules/pattern-workflow.mdc

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+---
+description: Require test pattern, pattern metadata, and test preset for new patterns
+alwaysApply: true
+---
+
+# Pattern workflow requirements
+
+1. When creating a new pattern under `led-driver/src/patterns/`, also add/update a corresponding test file in `led-driver/tests/patterns/`.
+
+2. When adding a new pattern, ensure led-controller has `db/pattern.json`; if it does not exist, create it. Add the new pattern metadata and parameter mappings there.
+
+3. When adding a new pattern, add at least one test preset entry in `db/preset.json` in led-controller that uses the new pattern.

.cursor/rules/submodules-led-driver-tool.mdc

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+description: Keep led-driver and led-tool git submodules in sync when updating led-controller
+alwaysApply: true
+---
+
+# Submodule pointers (`led-driver`, `led-tool`)
+
+This repo tracks **`led-driver`** and **`led-tool`** as git submodules (see `.gitmodules`).
+
+When you **update led-controller** work that should ship with matching firmware or CLI behaviour—or when you finish changes **inside** those submodule directories—**record the new submodule commits in the parent repo**:
+
+1. In each submodule, commit and push on its remote if there are local commits (or ensure the checkout is the intended revision).
+2. From the **led-controller** root: `git add led-driver led-tool` after their HEADs point at the right commits.
+3. Include the parent-repo commit that bumps the gitlinks (so CI and clones get consistent trees).
+
+**Do not** leave submodule directories dirty or forgotten while presenting the parent repo as “done”: either commit the submodule pointer update in led-controller, or leave an explicit note if the user must push submodule remotes first.
+
+If the user only asked for a submodule bump with no code edits, a single `chore(submodules): bump led-driver and led-tool` style commit is appropriate (see commit rule).

.gitignore

@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@ ENV/
 Thumbs.db
 
 # Project specific
+scripts/.led-controller-venv
 docs/.help-print.html
 settings.json
+db/
 *.log
 *.db
 *.sqlite

.gitmodules

@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@
 [submodule "led-tool"]
 	path = led-tool
 	url = git@git.technical.kiwi:technicalkiwi/led-tool.git
+[submodule "led-simulator"]
+	path = led-simulator
+	url = git@git.technical.kiwi:technicalkiwi/led-simulator.git

Pipfile

@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ websockets = "*"
 pytest = "*"
 
 [requires]
-python_version = "3.12"
+python_version = "3.11"
 
 [scripts]
-web = "python /home/pi/led-controller/tests/web.py"
+web = "python tests/web.py"
-watch = "python -m watchfiles 'python tests/web.py' src tests"
+watch = "python -m watchfiles \"python tests/web.py\" src tests"
-install = "pipenv install"
 run = "sh -c 'cd src && python main.py'"
-dev = "watchfiles \"sh -c 'cd src && python main.py'\" src"
+dev = "python -m watchfiles \"sh -c 'cd src && python main.py'\" src"
-help-pdf = "sh scripts/build_help_pdf.sh"
+test = "python -m pytest"
+test-browser = "sh -c 'python tests/web.py > /tmp/led-controller-web.log 2>&1 & pid=$!; trap \"kill $pid\" EXIT; sleep 2; LED_CONTROLLER_RUN_BROWSER_TESTS=1 LED_CONTROLLER_DEVICE_IP=http://127.0.0.1:5000 python -m pytest tests/test_browser.py'"
+test-browser-device = "sh -c 'LED_CONTROLLER_RUN_BROWSER_TESTS=1 python -m pytest tests/test_browser.py'"
+

Pipfile.lock

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {
     "_meta": {
         "hash": {
-            "sha256": "18691f772c7660e4a087c90560c87a9217a09e9b6db97825d21c092a06d64b89"
+            "sha256": "98da2012e549e7b62ed49a5e1717acaf535b71e8df61bf4108d25b9023be612e"
         },
         "pipfile-spec": 6,
         "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.12"
+            "python_version": "3.11"
         },
         "sources": [
             {
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@
         },
         "certifi": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:027692e4402ad994f1c42e52a4997a9763c646b73e4096e4d5d6db8af1d6f0fa",
+                "sha256:3cb2210c8f88ba2318d29b0388d1023c8492ff72ecdde4ebdaddbb13a31b1c4a",
-                "sha256:e887ab5cee78ea814d3472169153c2d12cd43b14bd03329a39a9c6e2e80bfba7"
+                "sha256:8d455352a37b71bf76a79caa83a3d6c25afee4a385d632127b6afb3963f1c580"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==2026.2.25"
+            "version": "==2026.4.22"
         },
         "cffi": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -392,73 +392,72 @@
         },
         "click": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:14162b8b3b3550a7d479eafa77dfd3c38d9dc8951f6f69c78913a8f9a7540fd5",
+                "sha256:398329ad4837b2ff7cbe1dd166a4c0f8900c3ca3a218de04466f38f6497f18a2",
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+                "sha256:a2bf429bb3033c89fa4936ffb35d5cb471e3719e1f3c8a7c3fff0b8314305613"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
-            "version": "==8.3.2"
+            "version": "==8.3.3"
         },
         "cryptography": {
             "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:fdd1736fed309b4300346f88f74cd120c27c56852c3838cab416e7a166f67298",
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-                "sha256:ffca7aa1d00cf7d6469b988c581598f2259e46215e0140af408966a24cf086ce"
+                "sha256:f9a034b642b960767fb343766ae5ba6ad653f2e890ddd82955aef288ffea8736"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8' and python_full_version not in '3.9.0, 3.9.1'",
-            "version": "==46.0.7"
+            "version": "==47.0.0"
         },
         "esptool": {
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             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
             "version": "==5.2.0"
         },
         "h11": {
@@ -471,11 +470,11 @@
         },
         "idna": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:771a87f49d9defaf64091e6e6fe9c18d4833f140bd19464795bc32d966ca37ea",
+                "sha256:585ea8fe5d69b9181ec1afba340451fba6ba764af97026f92a91d4eef164a242",
-                "sha256:795dafcc9c04ed0c1fb032c2aa73654d8e8c5023a7df64a53f39190ada629902"
+                "sha256:892ea0cde124a99ce773decba204c5552b69c3c67ffd5f232eb7696135bc8bb3"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==3.11"
+            "version": "==3.13"
         },
         "intelhex": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -502,12 +501,11 @@
         },
         "microdot": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:363e3ebfc80b7e0415779848c9332e4e7fb7bd365ee54d3620abffe42ed82946",
+                "sha256:3ba8bab39ae52bca08ee7024dfc71afb7cff089f0b6611d2a1f617abfcee749c",
-                "sha256:abfb82ca31cc430174e4761cc7356adc4bff00ea758d437c2b258883dc63f464"
+                "sha256:d56824f4510e628dac711c86121957894ceaf833298e4d25f06c29d2b19a1721"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==2.6.1"
-            "version": "==2.6.0"
         },
         "mpremote": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -515,7 +513,6 @@
                 "sha256:fdb5626be83dff4e53c0184f8950814cb519b524dba7f1f8b1668aa477257a31"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.4'",
             "version": "==1.28.0"
         },
         "outcome": {
@@ -556,7 +553,6 @@
                 "sha256:c74a7a2adf861c04d002db713dd85f84beb242228e671280bf709d765b03672b"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
             "version": "==2.12.1"
         },
         "pyserial": {
@@ -675,7 +671,6 @@
                 "sha256:4e6d1ef462f3626a1f0a0a9c42dd93c63bad33f9f1c1937509b8c5c8718ab56a"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
             "version": "==2.33.1"
         },
         "rich": {
@@ -700,7 +695,6 @@
                 "sha256:bada5c08a989f812728a4b5bea884d8e91894e939a441cc3a025201ce718581e"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
             "version": "==4.43.0"
         },
         "sniffio": {
@@ -780,9 +774,7 @@
             "version": "==4.15.0"
         },
         "urllib3": {
-            "extras": [
+            "extras": [],
-                "socks"
-            ],
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:1b62b6884944a57dbe321509ab94fd4d3b307075e0c2eae991ac71ee15ad38ed",
                 "sha256:bf272323e553dfb2e87d9bfd225ca7b0f467b919d7bbd355436d3fd37cb0acd4"
@@ -903,7 +895,6 @@
                 "sha256:f9a2ae5c91cecc9edd47e041a930490c31c3afb1f5e6d71de3dc671bfaca02bf"
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@@ -979,7 +970,6 @@
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             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
             "version": "==16.0"
         },
         "wsproto": {
@@ -1002,11 +992,11 @@
         },
         "packaging": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:00243ae351a257117b6a241061796684b084ed1c516a08c48a3f7e147a9d80b4",
+                "sha256:5fc45236b9446107ff2415ce77c807cee2862cb6fac22b8a73826d0693b0980e",
-                "sha256:b36f1fef9334a5588b4166f8bcd26a14e521f2b55e6b9de3aaa80d3ff7a37529"
+                "sha256:ff452ff5a3e828ce110190feff1178bb1f2ea2281fa2075aadb987c2fb221661"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==26.0"
+            "version": "==26.2"
         },
         "pluggy": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1030,7 +1020,6 @@
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             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
             "version": "==9.0.3"
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db/device.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"188b0e1560a8": {"id": "188b0e1560a8", "name": "led-188b0e1560a8", "type": "led", "transport": "wifi", "address": "10.1.1.192", "default_pattern": null, "zones": []}, "f0f5bdfb9d30": {"id": "f0f5bdfb9d30", "name": "led-f0f5bdfb9d30", "type": "led", "transport": "wifi", "address": "10.1.1.232", "default_pattern": null, "zones": []}}

db/pattern.json

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-{
+{"on": {"min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 1}, "off": {"min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 0}, "rainbow": {"n1": "Step Rate", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 0}, "colour_cycle": {"n1": "Step Rate", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "transition": {"min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "chase": {"n1": "Colour 1 Length", "n2": "Colour 2 Length", "n3": "Step 1", "n4": "Step 2", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 2, "has_background": true}, "pulse": {"n1": "Attack", "n2": "Hold", "n3": "Decay", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10, "has_background": true}, "circle": {"n1": "Head Rate", "n2": "Max Length", "n3": "Tail Rate", "n4": "Min Length", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 2, "has_background": true}, "blink": {"min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10, "has_background": true}, "flicker": {"n1": "Min brightness", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "flame": {"n1": "Min brightness", "n2": "Breath period (ms)", "n3": "Spark gap min (ms, 0=default 10–30 s, -1=off)", "n4": "Spark gap max (ms)", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "twinkle": {"n1": "Twinkle activity (1–255, higher = more changes)", "n2": "Density (0–255, higher = more of the strip lit)", "n3": "Min adjacent LEDs per twinkle (same as max for fixed length)", "n4": "Max adjacent LEDs per twinkle (same as min for fixed length)", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10, "has_background": true}, "radiate": {"n1": "Node spacing (LEDs)", "n2": "Out time (ms)", "n3": "In time (ms)", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 2, "has_background": true}, "meteor_rain": {"n1": "Tail length", "n2": "Speed (LEDs per frame)", "n3": "Fade amount (1-255)", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "scanner": {"n1": "Eye width", "n2": "End pause (frames)", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10, "has_background": true}, "gradient_scroll": {"n1": "Scroll step rate", "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "max_colors": 10}, "comet_dual": {"n1": "Tail length", "n2": "Speed", "n3": "Gap", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "sparkle_trail": {"n1": "Spark density", "n2": "Decay", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}, "wave": {"n1": "Wavelength", "n2": "Amplitude", "n3": "Drift speed", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}, "plasma": {"n1": "Scale", "n2": "Speed", "n3": "Contrast", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}, "segment_chase": {"n1": "Segment size", "n2": "Phase step", "n3": "Segment phase offset", "n4": "Gap per segment", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "bar_graph": {"n1": "Level percent", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "breathing_dual": {"n1": "Phase offset", "n2": "Ease", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}, "strobe_burst": {"n1": "Burst count", "n2": "Burst gap", "n3": "Cooldown", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "rain_drops": {"n1": "Drop rate", "n2": "Ripple width", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "fireflies": {"n1": "Count", "n2": "Twinkle speed", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "clock_sweep": {"n1": "Hand width", "n2": "Marker interval", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "marquee": {"n1": "On length", "n2": "Off length", "n3": "Step", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "aurora": {"n1": "Band count", "n2": "Shimmer", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}, "snowfall": {"n1": "Flake density", "n2": "Fall speed", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "heartbeat": {"n1": "Pulse 1 ms", "n2": "Pulse 2 ms", "n3": "Pause ms", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "orbit": {"n1": "Orbit count", "n2": "Base speed", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000, "has_background": true}, "palette_morph": {"n1": "Morph ms", "n2": "Warp rate", "n3": "Turbulence", "max_colors": 10, "min_delay": 10, "max_delay": 10000}}
-    "on": {
-            "min_delay": 10,
-            "max_delay": 10000,
-            "max_colors": 1
-        },
-    "off": {
-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 0
-    },
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-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 0
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-    "colour_cycle": {
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-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 10
-    },
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-    },
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-        "n1": "Colour 1 Length",
-        "n2": "Colour 2 Length",
-        "n3": "Step 1",
-        "n4": "Step 2",
-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 2
-    },
-    "pulse": {
-        "n1": "Attack",
-        "n2": "Hold",
-        "n3": "Decay",
-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 10
-    },
-    "circle": {
-        "n1": "Head Rate",
-        "n2": "Max Length",
-        "n3": "Tail Rate",
-        "n4": "Min Length",
-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 2
-    },
-    "blink": {
-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
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-    },
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-        "min_delay": 10,
-        "max_delay": 10000,
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-    },
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-        "n2": "Density (0–255, higher = more of the strip lit)",
-        "n3": "Min adjacent LEDs per twinkle (same as max for fixed length)",
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-        "max_delay": 10000,
-        "max_colors": 10
-    },
-    "radiate": {
-        "n1": "Node spacing (LEDs)",
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-        "n3": "In time (ms)",
-        "min_delay": 10,
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+PRST1xœ5ŽA‚0E¯B>Û.
+*š€KCªŒBRÚ¦c¼»ÅÙ¼7óÿb>ðv"0Í\D눙Š)¤8@!ZÙ’—xOºò.¤抲mµŒÜJ­W϶:n
+÷4¾ö4K¹ÖZ¡'gß0<C39F>¨]8ÀpZHÁW0ÕVðõÞô˜ÇŒSF“qθlˆ)<GGÝØË«¾?ð¹<

db/presets/7.bin

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+PRST1xœMŽ1Â0Eïò»fp
+<EFBFBD>(K/<2F>
+­<EFBFBD>H!©Òt@ˆ»cÈÂô¾Ÿ¿%¿<>üƒá0†2F†Âìkå’þÕ˜c.ÜÝ0‘¸Î‘%œ.%Üî5ñ"•Þ…‰£J&RðkÍpµ¬¬<C2AC>´HA§e•6mÜÂÉQ2p_¹kØ7Øæ’¯!ò9Lò–Æû¼Ã1ó

db/presets/9.bin

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+PRST1xœ%ÎK
+Ã0Ы”éÖ‹$ýâ«”ÜFnŽ›PJï^ÇÖæI£Í|Áf&hlFæÃ6¹HPXLŒ$œãÀù|d…~àhË WxŠ{O‘iÍ<69>®iFòæÝî»I1@GI¤À-tŽ¸«œ*çÊ¥r­Ü*÷Â"Á:Oƒs<>¶´ò”{

db/zone.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"1": {"name": "default", "names": ["led-188b0e1560a8", "led-f0f5bdfb9d30"], "presets": [["4", "2", "7"], ["3", "14", "5"], ["8", "9", "1"], ["6", "38", "42"], ["39", "40", "41"]], "presets_flat": ["4", "2", "7", "3", "14", "5", "8", "9", "1", "6", "38", "42", "39", "40", "41"], "default_preset": "4"}, "2": {"name": "default", "names": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "0", "a"], "presets": [["16", "17", "18"], ["19", "20", "21"], ["22", "23", "24"], ["25", "26", "27"], ["28", "29", "30"]], "presets_flat": ["16", "17", "18", "19", "20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27", "28", "29", "30"]}, "3": {"name": "default", "names": ["1"], "presets": [], "default_preset": null}, "4": {"name": "default", "names": ["1"], "presets": [], "default_preset": null}, "5": {"name": "dj", "names": ["dj"], "presets": [["31", "32", "33"]], "default_preset": "31", "presets_flat": ["31", "32", "33"]}, "6": {"name": "default", "names": ["1"], "presets": [], "default_preset": null}, "7": {"name": "dj", "names": ["dj"], "presets": [["34", "35", "36"]], "default_preset": "34", "presets_flat": ["34", "35", "36"]}, "8": {"name": "test", "names": ["led-188b0e1560a8"], "presets": [["1", "2", "3"], ["4", "5"]], "default_preset": "1", "presets_flat": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"]}}

docs/API.md

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Profiles are selected with **`POST /profiles/<id>/apply`**, which sets `current_
 | Method | Path | Description |
 |--------|------|-------------|
 | GET | `/` | Main UI (`templates/index.html`) |
-| GET | `/settings` | Settings page (`templates/settings.html`) |
+| GET | `/settings/page` | Standalone settings page (`templates/settings.html`) |
 | GET | `/favicon.ico` | Empty response (204) |
 | GET | `/static/<path>` | Static files under `src/static/` |
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Below, `<id>` values are string identifiers used by the JSON stores (numeric str
 | PUT | `/settings/settings` | Merge keys into settings and save. Returns `{"message": "Settings updated successfully"}`. |
 | GET | `/settings/wifi/ap` | Saved Wi‑Fi AP fields: `saved_ssid`, `saved_password`, `saved_channel`, `active` (Pi: `active` is always false). |
 | POST | `/settings/wifi/ap` | Body: `ssid` (required), `password`, `channel` (1–11). Persists AP-related settings. |
-| GET | `/settings/page` | Serves `templates/settings.html` (same page as `GET /settings` from the root app, for convenience). |
+| GET | `/settings/page` | Serves `templates/settings.html`. |
 
 ### Devices — `/devices`
 

espnow-sender/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# espnow-sender
+
+Minimal MicroPython project for receiving JSON over Microdot WebSocket.
+
+- WebSocket endpoint: `/ws`
+- Entry point: `main.py`
+- Message template: `msg.json`

espnow-sender/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import asyncio
+import json
+
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.websocket import WebSocketError, with_websocket
+
+import espnow
+import network
+from util import format_mac, parse_mac
+
+
+app = Microdot()
+_esp = None
+_known_peers = set()
+_ws_clients = set()
+
+
+def _init_espnow():
+    global _esp
+    sta = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
+    sta.active(True)
+    _esp = espnow.ESPNow()
+    _esp.active(True)
+
+
+def _validate_envelope(obj):
+    if obj.get("v") != "1":
+        raise ValueError("message.v must be '1'")
+    devices = obj["devices"]
+    for address in devices.keys():
+        parse_mac(address)
+    return obj
+
+
+def _send_espnow(address, payload):
+    if _esp is None:
+        raise ValueError("espnow is not initialized")
+    mac = parse_mac(address)
+    msg = json.dumps(payload, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+    if mac not in _known_peers:
+        _esp.add_peer(mac)
+        _known_peers.add(mac)
+    _esp.send(mac, msg)
+    return mac, len(msg)
+
+
+async def _broadcast_ws(obj):
+    text = json.dumps(obj)
+    dead = []
+    for client in list(_ws_clients):
+        try:
+            await client.send(text)
+        except Exception:
+            dead.append(client)
+    for client in dead:
+        _ws_clients.discard(client)
+
+
+async def _espnow_receive_loop():
+    while True:
+        host, msg = _esp.recv(0)
+        if not host:
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+            continue
+        await _broadcast_ws(
+            {
+                "from": format_mac(host),
+                "payload": msg.decode("utf-8"),
+            }
+        )
+
+
+@app.route("/ws")
+@with_websocket
+async def ws(request, ws):
+    _ws_clients.add(ws)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            raw = await ws.receive()
+        except WebSocketError:
+            break
+
+        if not raw:
+            break
+
+        try:
+            parsed = json.loads(raw)
+            env = _validate_envelope(parsed)
+            sent = []
+            for address, payload in env["devices"].items():
+                mac, payload_size = _send_espnow(address, payload)
+                sent.append(
+                    {
+                        "address": format_mac(mac),
+                        "bytes": payload_size,
+                    }
+                )
+        except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
+            await ws.send(json.dumps({"ok": False, "error": str(e)}))
+            continue
+
+        await ws.send(
+            json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "ok": True,
+                    "sent": sent,
+                }
+            )
+        )
+    _ws_clients.discard(ws)
+
+
+async def main(port=80):
+    _init_espnow()
+    asyncio.create_task(_espnow_receive_loop())
+    await app.start_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=port)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main(port=80))

espnow-sender/msg.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+    "v": "1",
+    "devices": {
+        "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff": {
+            "presets": {
+                "preset_id": {
+                    "pattern": "on",
+                    "colors": ["#FF0000"],
+                    "delay": 100,
+                    "brightness": 255,
+                    "auto": true
+                }
+            }, 
+            "select": {
+                "preset": "preset_id",
+                "step": 0
+            }, 
+            "save": true, 
+            "default": "preset_id", 
+            "b": 255
+        }
+    }
+}
+    

espnow-sender/util.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+def parse_mac(value):
+    raw = value.strip().lower().replace(":", "").replace("-", "")
+    if len(raw) != 12:
+        raise ValueError("address must be 12 hex chars or aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff")
+    try:
+        return bytes.fromhex(raw)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise ValueError("address contains non-hex characters")
+
+
+def format_mac(mac_bytes):
+    return ":".join("{:02x}".format(b) for b in mac_bytes)

led_bar_vertical_stand.scad

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Parametric LED bar vertical stand socket
+// For a bar nominally 14 x 17 mm, 2 m long.
+// This part is intended to be screwed to an MDF base.
+
+// -------------------------
+// User parameters
+// -------------------------
+bar_w = 14;                 // Bar width (mm)
+bar_d = 17;                 // Bar depth (mm)
+clearance = 0.4;            // Total clearance added to each axis (mm)
+
+socket_height = 36;         // Height of printed socket body (mm)
+wall = 3.2;                 // Socket wall thickness (mm)
+base_thickness = 5;         // Printed bottom plate thickness (mm)
+
+// USB cable/connector side opening
+usb_notch_enable = true;
+usb_notch_w = 11;
+usb_notch_h = 9;
+usb_notch_from_bottom = 6;
+usb_notch_side = "right";   // "right" or "left"
+
+// Mounting ears for MDF screws
+ear_enable = true;
+ear_len = 16;
+ear_w = 16;
+ear_thickness = base_thickness;
+screw_hole_d = 4.2;         // M4 clearance. Use 3.4 for M3.
+screw_hole_edge = 5.5;      // Hole center offset from ear outer corner
+
+// Optional clamp lip at top to reduce wobble
+top_lip_enable = true;
+top_lip_depth = 2.0;        // Intrudes into opening on each side
+top_lip_height = 3.0;
+
+$fn = 48;
+
+// -------------------------
+// Derived
+// -------------------------
+inner_w = bar_w + clearance;
+inner_d = bar_d + clearance;
+
+outer_w = inner_w + wall * 2;
+outer_d = inner_d + wall * 2;
+outer_h = socket_height;
+
+module screw_hole() {
+    cylinder(h = ear_thickness + 0.2, d = screw_hole_d);
+}
+
+module mounting_ear(sign_y = 1) {
+    translate([outer_w / 2, sign_y * (outer_d / 2), 0])
+    cube([ear_len, ear_w, ear_thickness], center = false);
+}
+
+module top_lip() {
+    if (top_lip_enable) {
+        // Front and back lips at the top of the socket.
+        translate([wall, wall, outer_h - top_lip_height])
+            cube([top_lip_depth, inner_d, top_lip_height]);
+
+        translate([outer_w - wall - top_lip_depth, wall, outer_h - top_lip_height])
+            cube([top_lip_depth, inner_d, top_lip_height]);
+    }
+}
+
+difference() {
+    union() {
+        // Main body
+        cube([outer_w, outer_d, outer_h], center = false);
+
+        // Base plate under socket for stiffness
+        translate([0, 0, -base_thickness])
+            cube([outer_w, outer_d, base_thickness], center = false);
+
+        // Mounting ears
+        if (ear_enable) {
+            translate([0, 0, -ear_thickness]) {
+                mounting_ear(1);
+                mounting_ear(-1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        top_lip();
+    }
+
+    // Main bar cavity
+    translate([wall, wall, 0])
+        cube([inner_w, inner_d, outer_h + 0.2], center = false);
+
+    // USB side notch
+    if (usb_notch_enable) {
+        if (usb_notch_side == "right") {
+            translate([outer_w - wall - 0.1, (outer_d - usb_notch_w) / 2, usb_notch_from_bottom])
+                cube([wall + 0.3, usb_notch_w, usb_notch_h], center = false);
+        } else {
+            translate([-0.2, (outer_d - usb_notch_w) / 2, usb_notch_from_bottom])
+                cube([wall + 0.3, usb_notch_w, usb_notch_h], center = false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Screw holes in ears
+    if (ear_enable) {
+        // Upper ear hole
+        translate([
+            outer_w / 2 + ear_len - screw_hole_edge,
+            outer_d / 2 + ear_w - screw_hole_edge,
+            -ear_thickness - 0.05
+        ]) screw_hole();
+
+        // Lower ear hole
+        translate([
+            outer_w / 2 + ear_len - screw_hole_edge,
+            -outer_d / 2 + screw_hole_edge,
+            -ear_thickness - 0.05
+        ]) screw_hole();
+    }
+}
+
+// Print orientation helper:
+// Keep the base/ears on the bed.
+// If fit is tight, increase clearance to 0.5 or 0.6.

scripts/dev-run.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)"
+PORT="${PORT:-80}"
+
+# On watchfiles restarts the previous process can linger briefly.
+# Proactively terminate any listener on the target port before boot.
+pids="$(ss -ltnp "sport = :$PORT" 2>/dev/null | sed -n 's/.*pid=\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/p' | sort -u)"
+if [ -n "${pids}" ]; then
+  kill -TERM ${pids} 2>/dev/null || true
+  sleep 0.3
+fi
+
+cd "$ROOT_DIR/src"
+exec python main.py

scripts/install-boot-service.sh

@@ -10,6 +10,18 @@ if [ ! -f "scripts/led-controller.service" ]; then
   echo "Run this script from the repo root."
   exit 1
 fi
+export PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT="${PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT:-1}"
+if command -v pipenv >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  PY="$(command -v python3)"
+  if [ -z "$PY" ]; then
+    echo "python3 not found; install python3." >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  echo "Ensuring Pipenv deps with $PY (venv in project: .venv when PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT=1)…"
+  # --skip-lock: install from Pipfile only (avoids lock/Python hash mismatches on device).
+  pipenv install --quiet --skip-lock --python "$PY"
+  pipenv --venv > scripts/.led-controller-venv
+fi
 chmod +x scripts/start.sh
 sudo cp "scripts/led-controller.service" "$UNIT_PATH"
 sudo systemctl daemon-reload

scripts/led-controller.service

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=LED Controller web server
-After=network-online.target
+# Use network.target only. Ordering after network-online.target can block `systemctl start`
-Wants=network-online.target
+# until wait-online finishes; Wi‑Fi/DHCP delays then look like a hung start job.
+After=network.target
 
 [Service]
 Type=simple
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ Environment=PATH=/home/pi/.local/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
 ExecStart=/bin/bash /home/pi/led-controller/scripts/start.sh
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=5
+# pipenv/first bind can be slow; avoid misleading "activating" forever if misconfigured
+TimeoutStartSec=120
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target

scripts/pi-eth-lan-router.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Configure Raspberry Pi OS: Wi-Fi client on IF_WAN (default wlan0), Ethernet IF_LAN
+# (default eth0) toward an external AP. Static LAN IP, DHCP via dnsmasq, NAT masquerade.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   sudo ./pi-eth-lan-router.sh install
+#   sudo ./pi-eth-lan-router.sh remove
+#
+# Environment overrides (optional):
+#   IF_WAN=wlan0 IF_LAN=eth0 LAN_IP=192.168.4.1 LAN_PREFIX=24 \
+#   DHCP_START=192.168.4.100 DHCP_END=192.168.4.200 \
+#   DNSMASQ_DNS=1.1.1.1,8.8.8.8 \
+#   sudo ./pi-eth-lan-router.sh install
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+IF_WAN="${IF_WAN:-wlan0}"
+IF_LAN="${IF_LAN:-eth0}"
+LAN_IP="${LAN_IP:-192.168.4.1}"
+LAN_PREFIX="${LAN_PREFIX:-24}"
+DHCP_START="${DHCP_START:-192.168.4.100}"
+DHCP_END="${DHCP_END:-192.168.4.200}"
+# Comma-separated DNS for DHCP clients (Pi does not need to run a resolver).
+DNSMASQ_DNS="${DNSMASQ_DNS:-1.1.1.1,8.8.8.8}"
+
+NM_CON_NAME="pi-eth-lan-router"
+MARK_BEGIN="# BEGIN pi-eth-lan-router (scripts/pi-eth-lan-router.sh)"
+MARK_END="# END pi-eth-lan-router"
+SYSCTL_FILE="/etc/sysctl.d/99-pi-eth-lan-router.conf"
+DNSMASQ_SNIPPET="/etc/dnsmasq.d/pi-eth-lan-router.conf"
+NFT_SNIPPET="/etc/nftables.d/50-pi-eth-lan-router.nft"
+NFT_INCLUDE='include "/etc/nftables.d/50-pi-eth-lan-router.nft"'
+NFTABLES_CONF="/etc/nftables.conf"
+DHCPCD_CONF="/etc/dhcpcd.conf"
+
+die() { echo "error: $*" >&2; exit 1; }
+log() { echo "$*"; }
+
+need_root() {
+  [[ "${EUID:-0}" -eq 0 ]] || die "run as root (sudo)"
+}
+
+have_cmd() { command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1; }
+
+apt_install() {
+  export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+  apt-get update -qq
+  apt-get install -y -qq dnsmasq nftables
+}
+
+write_sysctl() {
+  cat >"$SYSCTL_FILE" <<EOF
+# Managed by scripts/pi-eth-lan-router.sh
+net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
+EOF
+  sysctl --system -q 2>/dev/null || sysctl -p "$SYSCTL_FILE" || true
+}
+
+remove_sysctl() {
+  rm -f "$SYSCTL_FILE"
+  sysctl --system -q 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+write_dnsmasq() {
+  local mask="255.255.255.0"
+  if [[ "$LAN_PREFIX" != "24" ]]; then
+    die "only LAN_PREFIX=24 is supported by this script (extend dnsmasq netmask manually)"
+  fi
+  cat >"$DNSMASQ_SNIPPET" <<EOF
+# Managed by scripts/pi-eth-lan-router.sh
+interface=$IF_LAN
+bind-interfaces
+dhcp-range=$DHCP_START,$DHCP_END,$mask,24h
+dhcp-option=option:router,$LAN_IP
+dhcp-option=option:dns-server,$DNSMASQ_DNS
+EOF
+}
+
+remove_dnsmasq() {
+  rm -f "$DNSMASQ_SNIPPET"
+}
+
+write_nft() {
+  mkdir -p /etc/nftables.d
+  cat >"$NFT_SNIPPET" <<EOF
+# Managed by scripts/pi-eth-lan-router.sh
+table ip pi_eth_wlan_nat {
+	chain postrouting {
+		type nat hook postrouting priority 100; policy accept;
+		oifname "$IF_WAN" masquerade
+	}
+}
+EOF
+  if [[ -f "$NFTABLES_CONF" ]] && ! grep -qF '50-pi-eth-lan-router.nft' "$NFTABLES_CONF" 2>/dev/null; then
+    printf '\n# pi-eth-lan-router\n%s\n' "$NFT_INCLUDE" >>"$NFTABLES_CONF"
+  elif [[ ! -f "$NFTABLES_CONF" ]]; then
+    log "warning: $NFTABLES_CONF missing; NAT was not added for boot persistence. Install/configure nftables, or add: $NFT_INCLUDE"
+  fi
+}
+
+remove_nft() {
+  rm -f "$NFT_SNIPPET"
+  if [[ -f "$NFTABLES_CONF" ]]; then
+    sed -i '/# pi-eth-lan-router/d;/50-pi-eth-lan-router\.nft/d' "$NFTABLES_CONF" || true
+  fi
+  nft delete table ip pi_eth_wlan_nat 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+apply_nft() {
+  if have_cmd nft; then
+    nft delete table ip pi_eth_wlan_nat 2>/dev/null || true
+    nft -f "$NFT_SNIPPET"
+  fi
+}
+
+configure_nm_eth() {
+  have_cmd nmcli || return 1
+  systemctl is-active --quiet NetworkManager 2>/dev/null || return 1
+
+  if nmcli -t -f NAME con show --active 2>/dev/null | grep -qxF "$NM_CON_NAME"; then
+    nmcli con down "$NM_CON_NAME" || true
+  fi
+  if nmcli -t -f NAME con show 2>/dev/null | grep -qxF "$NM_CON_NAME"; then
+    nmcli con mod "$NM_CON_NAME" \
+      connection.interface-name "$IF_LAN" \
+      ipv4.method manual \
+      ipv4.addresses "${LAN_IP}/${LAN_PREFIX}" \
+      ipv4.gateway "" \
+      ipv4.dns "" \
+      ipv4.never-default yes \
+      ipv6.method ignore
+  else
+    nmcli con add type ethernet con-name "$NM_CON_NAME" ifname "$IF_LAN" \
+      ipv4.method manual \
+      ipv4.addresses "${LAN_IP}/${LAN_PREFIX}" \
+      ipv4.gateway "" \
+      ipv4.dns "" \
+      ipv4.never-default yes \
+      ipv6.method ignore
+  fi
+  if ! nmcli con up "$NM_CON_NAME"; then
+    log "warning: could not activate '$NM_CON_NAME' (is $IF_LAN connected?); profile saved for next boot."
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+remove_nm_eth() {
+  have_cmd nmcli || return 0
+  if nmcli -t -f NAME con show 2>/dev/null | grep -qxF "$NM_CON_NAME"; then
+    nmcli con delete "$NM_CON_NAME" || true
+  fi
+}
+
+configure_dhcpcd_eth() {
+  [[ -f "$DHCPCD_CONF" ]] || return 1
+  if grep -qF "$MARK_BEGIN" "$DHCPCD_CONF" 2>/dev/null; then
+    sed -i "/$MARK_BEGIN/,/$MARK_END/d" "$DHCPCD_CONF" || true
+  fi
+  {
+    echo "$MARK_BEGIN"
+    echo "interface $IF_LAN"
+    echo "static ip_address=${LAN_IP}/${LAN_PREFIX}"
+    echo "nohook wpa_supplicant"
+    echo "$MARK_END"
+  } >>"$DHCPCD_CONF"
+  systemctl restart dhcpcd 2>/dev/null || true
+  return 0
+}
+
+remove_dhcpcd_block() {
+  [[ -f "$DHCPCD_CONF" ]] || return 0
+  if grep -qF "$MARK_BEGIN" "$DHCPCD_CONF" 2>/dev/null; then
+    sed -i "/$MARK_BEGIN/,/$MARK_END/d" "$DHCPCD_CONF" || true
+    systemctl restart dhcpcd 2>/dev/null || true
+  fi
+}
+
+configure_eth_static() {
+  if configure_nm_eth; then
+    log "configured $IF_LAN via NetworkManager profile '$NM_CON_NAME'"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  if configure_dhcpcd_eth; then
+    log "configured $IF_LAN via dhcpcd ($DHCPCD_CONF)"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  die "neither NetworkManager (active) nor $DHCPCD_CONF found; set $IF_LAN to ${LAN_IP}/${LAN_PREFIX} manually"
+}
+
+remove_eth_static() {
+  remove_nm_eth
+  remove_dhcpcd_block
+}
+
+do_install() {
+  need_root
+  log "installing packages (dnsmasq, nftables)…"
+  apt_install
+
+  log "writing sysctl, dnsmasq, nftables snippets…"
+  write_sysctl
+  write_dnsmasq
+  write_nft
+
+  log "setting static IP on $IF_LAN…"
+  configure_eth_static
+
+  log "restarting dnsmasq…"
+  systemctl enable dnsmasq
+  systemctl restart dnsmasq
+
+  log "loading NAT rules and enabling nftables…"
+  apply_nft
+  systemctl enable nftables 2>/dev/null || true
+  systemctl restart nftables 2>/dev/null || true
+
+  log "done. Connect $IF_LAN to the external AP (DHCP off on the AP)."
+  log "Join Wi-Fi on $IF_WAN to the uplink network and complete any captive portal on the Pi."
+}
+
+do_remove() {
+  need_root
+  remove_eth_static
+  remove_dnsmasq
+  systemctl restart dnsmasq 2>/dev/null || true
+
+  remove_nft
+  systemctl restart nftables 2>/dev/null || true
+
+  remove_sysctl
+  sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0 2>/dev/null || true
+
+  log "removed pi-eth-lan-router configuration snippets and NM profile '$NM_CON_NAME' (if present)."
+}
+
+usage() {
+  cat <<EOF
+Usage: sudo $0 install|remove
+
+WAN (Wi-Fi client): $IF_WAN
+LAN (Ethernet to AP): $IF_LAN
+LAN address: ${LAN_IP}/${LAN_PREFIX}
+DHCP range: $DHCP_START – $DHCP_END
+
+Override with environment variables (see script header).
+EOF
+}
+
+case "${1:-}" in
+  install) do_install ;;
+  remove) do_remove ;;
+  *) usage; exit 1 ;;
+esac

scripts/start.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,38 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # Start the LED controller web server (port 80 by default).
-cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
+# Avoid `pipenv run` on the hot path — it re-resolves the env every time and is slow on a Pi.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)"
+cd "$ROOT"
 export PORT="${PORT:-80}"
-pipenv run run
+export PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT="${PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT:-1}"
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+CACHE="$SCRIPT_DIR/.led-controller-venv"
+PYTHON=""
+
+if [ -x "$ROOT/.venv/bin/python" ]; then
+  PYTHON="$ROOT/.venv/bin/python"
+elif [ -f "$CACHE" ]; then
+  _v="$(tr -d '\r\n' < "$CACHE")"
+  if [ -n "$_v" ] && [ -x "$_v/bin/python" ]; then
+    PYTHON="$_v/bin/python"
+  fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$PYTHON" ] && command -v pipenv >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  _v="$(cd "$ROOT" && pipenv --venv 2>/dev/null || true)"
+  if [ -n "${_v:-}" ] && [ -x "$_v/bin/python" ]; then
+    PYTHON="$_v/bin/python"
+    printf '%s\n' "$_v" > "$CACHE" || true
+  fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$PYTHON" ]; then
+  echo 'led-controller: no venv resolved; using pipenv run (slow). Run: cd '"$ROOT"' && PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT=1 pipenv install --skip-lock --python "$(command -v python3)"' >&2
+  exec pipenv run run
+fi
+
+cd "$ROOT/src"
+exec "$PYTHON" -u main.py

src/controllers/pattern.py

@@ -367,6 +367,7 @@ async def create_driver_pattern(request):
     Body JSON:
       name, code (required),
       min_delay, max_delay, max_colors (optional numbers),
+      has_background (optional bool),
       n1..n8 (optional string labels),
       overwrite (optional, default true).
     """
@@ -409,6 +410,9 @@ async def create_driver_pattern(request):
                 "Content-Type": "application/json"
             }
 
+    if "has_background" in data:
+        meta["has_background"] = bool(data.get("has_background"))
+
     for i in range(1, 9):
         nk = "n%d" % i
         if nk not in data:

src/controllers/settings.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from microdot import Microdot, send_file
+import asyncio
-from settings import Settings
 import json
 
+from microdot import Microdot, send_file
+
+from models import wifi_ws_clients
+from settings import Settings
+
 controller = Microdot()
 settings = Settings()
 
@@ -63,17 +67,36 @@ def _validate_wifi_channel(value):
     return ch
 
 
+def _validate_global_brightness(value):
+    """Return int 0–255 or raise ValueError."""
+    v = int(value)
+    if v < 0 or v > 255:
+        raise ValueError("global_brightness must be between 0 and 255")
+    return v
+
+
 @controller.put('/settings')
 async def update_settings(request):
     """Update general settings."""
     try:
         data = request.json
+        global_brightness_changed = False
         for key, value in data.items():
             if key == 'wifi_channel' and value is not None:
                 settings[key] = _validate_wifi_channel(value)
+            elif key == 'global_brightness' and value is not None:
+                settings[key] = _validate_global_brightness(value)
+                global_brightness_changed = True
             else:
                 settings[key] = value
         settings.save()
+        if global_brightness_changed:
+            try:
+                asyncio.get_running_loop().create_task(
+                    wifi_ws_clients.broadcast_global_brightness_to_tcp_drivers()
+                )
+            except RuntimeError:
+                pass
         return json.dumps({"message": "Settings updated successfully"}), 200, {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
     except ValueError as e:
         return json.dumps({"error": str(e)}), 400

src/main.py

@@ -285,12 +285,6 @@ async def main(port=80):
         """Serve the main web UI."""
         return send_file('templates/index.html')
 
-    # Serve settings page
-    @app.route('/settings')
-    def settings_page(request):
-        """Serve the settings page."""
-        return send_file('templates/settings.html')
-
     # Favicon: avoid 404 in browser console (no file needed)
     @app.route('/favicon.ico')
     def favicon(request):

src/models/transport.py

@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ async def _to_thread(func, *args):
     return await loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
 
 
+class NullSender:
+    """Used when no ESP-NOW UART bridge is configured or the port cannot be opened."""
+
+    async def send(self, data, addr=None):
+        return True
+
+
 class SerialSender:
     def __init__(self, port, baudrate, default_addr=None):
         import serial
@@ -62,7 +69,22 @@ def get_current_sender():
 
 
 def get_sender(settings):
+    # Serial ESP-NOW bridge is opt-in (serial_enabled true); default off for dev / Wi-Fi-only.
+    if not settings.get("serial_enabled"):
+        print("[startup] serial bridge disabled (set serial_enabled true in settings.json to enable)")
+        return NullSender()
     port = settings.get("serial_port", "/dev/ttyS0")
+    raw_port = str(port).strip() if port is not None else ""
+    if not raw_port or raw_port.lower() in ("none", "off"):
+        print("[startup] serial bridge disabled (empty serial_port)")
+        return NullSender()
     baudrate = settings.get("serial_baudrate", 912000)
     default_addr = settings.get("serial_destination_mac", "ffffffffffff")
-    return SerialSender(port, baudrate, default_addr=default_addr)
+    try:
+        return SerialSender(raw_port, baudrate, default_addr=default_addr)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(
+            f"[startup] serial open failed ({raw_port!r}): {e}; "
+            "continuing without ESP-NOW bridge (Wi-Fi drivers unchanged)"
+        )
+        return NullSender()

src/models/wifi_ws_clients.py

@@ -84,6 +84,36 @@ def prune_stale_tcp_writers() -> None:
         _schedule_status_broadcast(ip, False)
 
 
+def _global_brightness_message_text() -> str | None:
+    """v1 JSON line for saved zone UI brightness; works with shipping driver firmware (applies ``b`` in RAM)."""
+    global _settings
+    if _settings is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        b = int(_settings.get("global_brightness", 255))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        b = 255
+    b = max(0, min(255, b))
+    return json.dumps({"v": "1", "b": b})
+
+
+async def sync_global_brightness_to_driver(ip: str) -> bool:
+    """Push Pi-stored global brightness to one Wi-Fi driver over the outbound WebSocket."""
+    text = _global_brightness_message_text()
+    if not text:
+        return False
+    return await send_json_line_to_ip(ip, text)
+
+
+async def broadcast_global_brightness_to_tcp_drivers() -> None:
+    """Push saved global brightness to every connected Wi-Fi driver."""
+    text = _global_brightness_message_text()
+    if not text:
+        return
+    for ip in list_connected_ips():
+        await send_json_line_to_ip(ip, text)
+
+
 def _register_ws(ip: str, ws) -> None:
     key = normalize_tcp_peer_ip(ip)
     if not key:
@@ -195,6 +225,27 @@ async def _recv_forward_loop(ip: str, ws) -> None:
                 pass
 
 
+def _stagger_delay_s_for_ip(ip: str) -> float:
+    """0 .. wifi_driver_connect_stagger_max_s based on last IPv4 octet (deterministic spread)."""
+    global _settings
+    if _settings is None:
+        return 0.0
+    try:
+        max_s = float(_settings.get("wifi_driver_connect_stagger_max_s", 2.5))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        max_s = 2.5
+    if max_s <= 0:
+        return 0.0
+    parts = str(ip).strip().split(".")
+    if len(parts) != 4:
+        return 0.0
+    try:
+        last = int(parts[3]) % 256
+    except ValueError:
+        return 0.0
+    return (last / 255.0) * max_s
+
+
 async def _driver_connection_loop(ip: str) -> None:
     global _settings
     if _settings is None:
@@ -204,16 +255,37 @@ async def _driver_connection_loop(ip: str) -> None:
     if not path.startswith("/"):
         path = "/" + path
     uri = f"ws://{ip}:{port}{path}"
+    try:
+        retry_interval_s = float(_settings.get("wifi_driver_connect_retry_interval_s", 2.0))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
         retry_interval_s = 2.0
-    retry_window_s = 30.0
+    retry_interval_s = max(0.2, retry_interval_s)
-    deadline = asyncio.get_running_loop().time() + retry_window_s
+    try:
+        retry_window_s = float(_settings.get("wifi_driver_connect_retry_window_s", 120.0))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        retry_window_s = 120.0
+    retry_window_s = max(5.0, retry_window_s)
+    try:
+        open_timeout = float(_settings.get("wifi_driver_ws_open_timeout", 45.0))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        open_timeout = 45.0
+    open_timeout = max(5.0, open_timeout)
+
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    stagger = _stagger_delay_s_for_ip(ip)
+    if stagger > 0:
+        await asyncio.sleep(stagger)
+
+    # Only bound boot-time: after we have connected once, keep retrying (Wi-Fi drops, reboots).
+    connected_once = False
+    deadline = loop.time() + retry_window_s
     try:
         while True:
-            now = asyncio.get_running_loop().time()
+            now = loop.time()
-            if now >= deadline:
+            if not connected_once and now >= deadline:
                 print(
-                    f"[WS] driver {ip} still unreachable after {int(retry_window_s)}s; "
+                    f"[WS] driver {ip} still unreachable after {int(retry_window_s)}s "
-                    "stopping retries until next hello"
+                    f"(initial window); stopping until next UDP hello / registry prime"
                 )
                 break
             try:
@@ -222,8 +294,9 @@ async def _driver_connection_loop(ip: str) -> None:
                     uri,
                     ping_interval=20,
                     ping_timeout=15,
-                    open_timeout=30,
+                    open_timeout=open_timeout,
                 ) as ws:
+                    connected_once = True
                     _register_ws(ip, ws)
                     try:
                         await _recv_forward_loop(ip, ws)
@@ -239,7 +312,9 @@ async def _driver_connection_loop(ip: str) -> None:
                     n = _unreachable_counts.get(ip, 0) + 1
                     _unreachable_counts[ip] = n
                     if n == 1 or (n % 30) == 0:
-                        print(f"[WS] driver {ip} unreachable, retry in 2s: {e} (x{n})")
+                        print(
+                            f"[WS] driver {ip} unreachable, retry in {retry_interval_s}s: {e} (x{n})"
+                        )
                 else:
                     print(f"[WS] driver {ip} session error: {e!r}")
                     traceback.print_exception(type(e), e, e.__traceback__)

src/models/zone.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class Zone(Model):
             "names": names if names else [],
             "presets": presets if presets else [],
             "default_preset": None,
+            "brightness": 255,
         }
         self.save()
         return next_id

src/settings.py

@@ -57,6 +57,25 @@ class Settings(dict):
         # down (0 disables). Helps drivers that reconnect after seeing traffic on 8766.
         if 'wifi_driver_hello_interval_s' not in self:
             self['wifi_driver_hello_interval_s'] = 10.0
+        # Outbound WebSocket dial: total seconds to keep trying before first success
+        # (many devices booting at once need more than a short window).
+        if 'wifi_driver_connect_retry_window_s' not in self:
+            self['wifi_driver_connect_retry_window_s'] = 120.0
+        # Spread outbound dials 0..N s by device IP so six+ drivers do not all hit the AP at once.
+        if 'wifi_driver_connect_stagger_max_s' not in self:
+            self['wifi_driver_connect_stagger_max_s'] = 2.5
+        # TCP/WebSocket open timeout per attempt (seconds).
+        if 'wifi_driver_ws_open_timeout' not in self:
+            self['wifi_driver_ws_open_timeout'] = 45.0
+        # Pause between outbound WebSocket dial attempts (seconds).
+        if 'wifi_driver_connect_retry_interval_s' not in self:
+            self['wifi_driver_connect_retry_interval_s'] = 2.0
+        # UART to ESP32 ESP-NOW bridge; default off (Wi-Fi drivers need no serial).
+        if 'serial_enabled' not in self:
+            self['serial_enabled'] = False
+        # Zone UI global brightness (0–255); shared across browsers/devices.
+        if 'global_brightness' not in self:
+            self['global_brightness'] = 255
 
     def save(self):
         try:

src/static/patterns.js

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
   const patternsCloseButton = document.getElementById('patterns-close-btn');
   const patternsList = document.getElementById('patterns-list');
   const patternAddButton = document.getElementById('pattern-add-btn');
+  const patternSendAllButton = document.getElementById('pattern-send-all-btn');
   const patternEditorModal = document.getElementById('pattern-editor-modal');
   const patternEditorCloseButton = document.getElementById('pattern-editor-close-btn');
   const patternCreateBtn = document.getElementById('pattern-create-btn');
@@ -24,6 +25,71 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
     return;
   }
 
+  const coercePresetInt = (v, def = 0) => {
+    if (typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v)) {
+      return v;
+    }
+    const t = parseInt(String(v), 10);
+    return Number.isFinite(t) ? t : def;
+  };
+
+  const getCurrentProfileId = async () => {
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch('/profiles/current', { headers: { Accept: 'application/json' } });
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      const data = await response.json();
+      return data && (data.id || (data.profile && data.profile.id)) ? String(data.id || data.profile.id) : null;
+    } catch (_) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const filterPresetsForCurrentProfile = async (presetsObj) => {
+    const scoped = presetsObj && typeof presetsObj === 'object' ? presetsObj : {};
+    const currentProfileId = await getCurrentProfileId();
+    if (!currentProfileId) {
+      return scoped;
+    }
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      Object.entries(scoped).filter(([, preset]) => {
+        if (!preset || typeof preset !== 'object') return false;
+        if (!('profile_id' in preset)) return true;
+        return String(preset.profile_id) === String(currentProfileId);
+      }),
+    );
+  };
+
+  const tabDeviceNamesFromSection = (section) => {
+    if (typeof window.parseTabDeviceNames === 'function') {
+      return window.parseTabDeviceNames(section);
+    }
+    const namesAttr = section && section.getAttribute('data-device-names');
+    return namesAttr
+      ? namesAttr.split(',').map((n) => n.trim()).filter((n) => n.length > 0)
+      : [];
+  };
+
+  const postDriverSequence = async (sequence, targetMacs, delayS = 0.05) => {
+    const body = {
+      sequence,
+      targets: Array.isArray(targetMacs) && targetMacs.length ? [...new Set(targetMacs)] : undefined,
+      delay_s: delayS,
+    };
+    const res = await fetch('/presets/push', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', Accept: 'application/json' },
+      credentials: 'same-origin',
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+    if (!res.ok) {
+      const err = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+      throw new Error((err && err.error) || res.statusText || 'Send failed');
+    }
+    return res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+  };
+
   const nReadableStringFromMeta = (meta, key) => {
     if (!meta || typeof meta !== 'object') {
       return '';
@@ -424,4 +490,93 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
     patternsCloseButton.addEventListener('click', closeModal);
   }
 
+  if (patternSendAllButton) {
+    patternSendAllButton.addEventListener('click', async () => {
+      const section = document.querySelector('.presets-section[data-zone-id]');
+      const zoneId = section ? section.dataset.zoneId : null;
+      if (!zoneId) {
+        alert('Could not determine current zone.');
+        return;
+      }
+      const deviceNames = tabDeviceNamesFromSection(section);
+      if (!deviceNames.length) {
+        alert('No devices found in the current zone.');
+        return;
+      }
+      try {
+        const [zoneRes, presetsRes] = await Promise.all([
+          fetch(`/zones/${zoneId}`, { headers: { Accept: 'application/json' } }),
+          fetch('/presets', { headers: { Accept: 'application/json' } }),
+        ]);
+        if (!zoneRes.ok || !presetsRes.ok) {
+          throw new Error('Failed to load zone presets');
+        }
+        const zoneData = await zoneRes.json();
+        const allPresetsRaw = await presetsRes.json();
+        const allPresets = await filterPresetsForCurrentProfile(allPresetsRaw);
+        const zonePresetIds = Array.isArray(zoneData.presets_flat)
+          ? zoneData.presets_flat.map((id) => String(id))
+          : [];
+        if (!zonePresetIds.length) {
+          alert('No presets found in this zone.');
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const wirePresets = {};
+        zonePresetIds.forEach((presetId) => {
+          const preset = allPresets[presetId];
+          if (!preset) {
+            return;
+          }
+          const colors = Array.isArray(preset.colors) && preset.colors.length
+            ? preset.colors
+            : ['#FFFFFF'];
+          wirePresets[presetId] = {
+            pattern: preset.pattern || 'off',
+            colors,
+            delay: typeof preset.delay === 'number' ? preset.delay : 100,
+            brightness: typeof preset.brightness === 'number'
+              ? preset.brightness
+              : (typeof preset.br === 'number' ? preset.br : 127),
+            auto: typeof preset.auto === 'boolean' ? preset.auto : true,
+            n1: coercePresetInt(preset.n1),
+            n2: coercePresetInt(preset.n2),
+            n3: coercePresetInt(preset.n3),
+            n4: coercePresetInt(preset.n4),
+            n5: coercePresetInt(preset.n5),
+            n6: coercePresetInt(preset.n6),
+          };
+        });
+        if (!Object.keys(wirePresets).length) {
+          alert('No matching presets found to send.');
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const select = {};
+        deviceNames.forEach((name) => {
+          if (name) {
+            select[name] = zonePresetIds.slice();
+          }
+        });
+        const targetMacs =
+          typeof window.tabsManager !== 'undefined' &&
+          typeof window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs === 'function'
+            ? await window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs(deviceNames)
+            : [];
+
+        const sequence = [
+          { v: '1', clear_presets: true, save: true },
+          { v: '1', presets: wirePresets, save: true },
+        ];
+        if (Object.keys(select).length) {
+          sequence.push({ v: '1', select });
+        }
+        await postDriverSequence(sequence, targetMacs, 0.05);
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error('Send all patterns failed:', error);
+        alert('Failed to send all patterns.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
 });

src/static/presets.js

@@ -175,39 +175,6 @@ async function postDriverSequence(sequence, targetMacs, delayS) {
   return res.json().catch(() => ({}));
 }
 
-// Send a select message for a preset to all devices on the current zone (ESP-NOW or Wi-Fi).
-const sendSelectForCurrentTabDevices = async (presetId, sectionEl) => {
-  const section = sectionEl || document.querySelector('.presets-section[data-zone-id]');
-  if (!section || !presetId) {
-    return;
-  }
-  const deviceNames = tabDeviceNamesFromSection(section);
-
-  if (!deviceNames.length) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const select = {};
-  deviceNames.forEach((name) => {
-    if (name) {
-      select[name] = [presetId];
-    }
-  });
-
-  const targetMacs =
-    typeof window.tabsManager !== 'undefined' &&
-    typeof window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs === 'function'
-      ? await window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs(deviceNames)
-      : [];
-
-  try {
-    await postDriverSequence([{ v: '1', select }], targetMacs);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('sendSelectForCurrentTabDevices:', err);
-    alert('Failed to send preset selection to devices.');
-  }
-};
-
 document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
   const presetsButton = document.getElementById('presets-btn');
   const presetsModal = document.getElementById('presets-modal');
@@ -288,6 +255,18 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
     return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : 0;
   };
 
+  const patternSupportsBackgroundColor = () => {
+    if (!presetPatternInput || !presetPatternInput.value) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const pattern = String(presetPatternInput.value).trim();
+    const meta =
+      (cachedPatterns && cachedPatterns[pattern]) ||
+      (cachedPatterns && cachedPatterns[pattern.toLowerCase()]) ||
+      null;
+    return !!(meta && typeof meta === 'object' && meta.has_background === true);
+  };
+
   const renderPresetColors = (colors, paletteRefs) => {
     if (!presetColorsContainer) return;
     
@@ -329,14 +308,21 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
     }
     
     const swatchContainer = document.createElement('div');
-    swatchContainer.style.cssText = 'display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.5rem;';
+    swatchContainer.style.cssText = 'display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; gap: 0.5rem; align-items: flex-start; overflow-x: auto;';
     swatchContainer.classList.add('color-swatches-container');
     
+    const showBackgroundLabel = patternSupportsBackgroundColor() && currentPresetColors.length > 1;
     currentPresetColors.forEach((color, index) => {
+      const isBackgroundColor = showBackgroundLabel && index === currentPresetColors.length - 1;
       const swatchWrapper = document.createElement('div');
       swatchWrapper.style.cssText = 'position: relative; display: inline-block;';
+      if (isBackgroundColor) {
+        // Keep the background color swatch at the far right.
+        swatchWrapper.style.marginLeft = 'auto';
+      }
       swatchWrapper.draggable = true;
       swatchWrapper.dataset.colorIndex = index;
+      swatchWrapper.dataset.backgroundColor = isBackgroundColor ? '1' : '0';
       const refAtIndex = currentPresetPaletteRefs[index];
       swatchWrapper.dataset.paletteRef = Number.isInteger(refAtIndex) ? String(refAtIndex) : '';
       swatchWrapper.classList.add('draggable-color-swatch');
@@ -457,6 +443,18 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
       swatchWrapper.appendChild(swatch);
       swatchWrapper.appendChild(colorPicker);
       swatchWrapper.appendChild(removeBtn);
+      if (isBackgroundColor) {
+        const bgLabel = document.createElement('div');
+        bgLabel.textContent = 'Background';
+        bgLabel.style.cssText = `
+          margin-top: 0.25rem;
+          text-align: center;
+          font-size: 0.72rem;
+          color: #cfcfcf;
+          letter-spacing: 0.02em;
+        `;
+        swatchWrapper.appendChild(bgLabel);
+      }
       swatchContainer.appendChild(swatchWrapper);
     });
     
@@ -478,6 +476,10 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
       e.preventDefault();
       const dragging = swatchContainer.querySelector('.dragging-color');
       if (!dragging) return;
+      const backgroundEl = swatchContainer.querySelector('.draggable-color-swatch[data-background-color="1"]');
+      if (backgroundEl) {
+        swatchContainer.appendChild(backgroundEl);
+      }
       
       // Get new order of colors from DOM
       const colorElements = [...swatchContainer.querySelectorAll('.draggable-color-swatch')];
@@ -1332,7 +1334,7 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
       // Work out the preset ID: for existing presets use currentEditId, otherwise fall back to name
       const presetId = currentEditId || payload.name;
       // Try sends preset first, then select; never persist on device.
-      await sendPresetViaEspNow(presetId, payload, deviceNames, false, false);
+      await sendPresetViaEspNow(presetId, payload, deviceNames, false, false, '2');
     });
   }
 
@@ -1346,8 +1348,9 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
       const section = document.querySelector('.presets-section[data-zone-id]');
       const deviceNames = tabDeviceNamesFromSection(section);
       const presetId = currentEditId || payload.name;
+      await sendPresetViaEspNow(presetId, payload, deviceNames, true, true, '1');
       await updateTabDefaultPreset(presetId);
-      await sendDefaultPreset(presetId, deviceNames);
+      await sendDefaultPreset('1', deviceNames);
     });
   }
 
@@ -1379,7 +1382,7 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
         throw new Error('Failed to save preset');
       }
 
-      // Same device targeting as Try: zone tab supplies names → /presets/push gets targets + select.
+      // Same device targeting as Try: zone tab supplies names and selection without persistence.
       const section = document.querySelector('.presets-section[data-zone-id]');
       const deviceNames = tabDeviceNamesFromSection(section);
 
@@ -1388,18 +1391,18 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
       if (saved && typeof saved === 'object') {
         if (currentEditId) {
           // PUT returns the preset object directly; use the existing ID
-          await sendPresetViaEspNow(currentEditId, saved, deviceNames, true, false);
+          await sendPresetViaEspNow(currentEditId, saved, deviceNames, false, false, '2');
         } else {
           // POST returns { id: preset }
           const entries = Object.entries(saved);
           if (entries.length > 0) {
             const [newId, presetData] = entries[0];
-            await sendPresetViaEspNow(newId, presetData, deviceNames, true, false);
+            await sendPresetViaEspNow(newId, presetData, deviceNames, false, false, '2');
           }
         }
       } else {
         // Fallback: send what we just built
-        await sendPresetViaEspNow(currentEditId || payload.name, payload, deviceNames, true, false);
+        await sendPresetViaEspNow(currentEditId || payload.name, payload, deviceNames, false, false, '2');
       }
 
       await loadPresets();
@@ -1454,7 +1457,14 @@ const coercePresetInt = (v, def = 0) => {
 // 1) preset payload (optionally with save)
 // 2) optional select for device names (never with save)
 // saveToDevice defaults to true.
-const sendPresetViaEspNow = async (presetId, preset, deviceNames, saveToDevice = true, setDefault = false) => {
+const sendPresetViaEspNow = async (
+  presetId,
+  preset,
+  deviceNames,
+  saveToDevice = true,
+  setDefault = false,
+  devicePresetId = null,
+) => {
   try {
     const baseColors = Array.isArray(preset.colors) && preset.colors.length
       ? preset.colors
@@ -1462,10 +1472,11 @@ const sendPresetViaEspNow = async (presetId, preset, deviceNames, saveToDevice =
     const paletteColors = await getCurrentProfilePaletteColors();
     const colors = resolveColorsWithPaletteRefs(baseColors, preset.palette_refs, paletteColors);
 
+    const wirePresetId = devicePresetId != null ? String(devicePresetId) : String(presetId);
     const presetMessage = {
       v: '1',
       presets: {
-        [presetId]: {
+        [wirePresetId]: {
           pattern: preset.pattern || 'off',
           colors,
           delay: typeof preset.delay === 'number' ? preset.delay : 100,
@@ -1486,7 +1497,7 @@ const sendPresetViaEspNow = async (presetId, preset, deviceNames, saveToDevice =
       presetMessage.save = true;
     }
     if (setDefault) {
-      presetMessage.default = presetId;
+      presetMessage.default = wirePresetId;
     }
 
     const names = Array.isArray(deviceNames) ? deviceNames : [];
@@ -1502,7 +1513,7 @@ const sendPresetViaEspNow = async (presetId, preset, deviceNames, saveToDevice =
       const select = {};
       names.forEach((name) => {
         if (name) {
-          select[name] = [presetId];
+          select[name] = [wirePresetId];
         }
       });
       if (Object.keys(select).length > 0) {
@@ -1879,7 +1890,8 @@ const createPresetButton = (presetId, preset, zoneId, isSelected = false) => {
     button.classList.add('active');
     selectedPresets[zoneId] = presetId;
     const section = row.closest('.presets-section');
-    sendSelectForCurrentTabDevices(presetId, section).catch((err) => {
+    const deviceNames = tabDeviceNamesFromSection(section);
+    sendPresetViaEspNow(presetId, preset, deviceNames, false, false, '2').catch((err) => {
       console.error(err);
     });
   });

src/static/style.css

@@ -149,6 +149,40 @@ header h1 {
     background-color: #333;
 }
 
+.menu-brightness-control {
+    padding: 0.45rem 0.75rem 0.55rem;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #333;
+}
+
+.menu-brightness-control label {
+    display: block;
+    font-size: 0.78rem;
+    color: #bdbdbd;
+    margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
+}
+
+.menu-brightness-control input[type="range"] {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+.header-brightness-control {
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 0.5rem;
+    min-width: 13rem;
+    padding: 0.2rem 0.1rem;
+}
+
+.header-brightness-control label {
+    font-size: 0.8rem;
+    color: #bdbdbd;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.header-brightness-control input[type="range"] {
+    width: 8.5rem;
+}
+
 /* Header/menu actions that should only appear in Edit mode */
 body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
     display: none !important;
@@ -248,7 +282,8 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
     display: block;
     overflow-y: auto;
     overflow-x: hidden;
-    padding: 0.5rem 1rem 1rem;
+    padding: 0.5rem 1rem calc(1rem + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 3.5rem);
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
 }
 
 .presets-toolbar {
@@ -515,19 +550,25 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
     padding: 0;
 }
 
-/* Zone preset selecting area: 3 columns, vertical scroll only */
+/* Zone preset selecting area: 8 columns on desktop, vertical scroll only */
 #presets-list-zone {
     flex: 1;
     min-height: 0;
     overflow-y: auto;
     overflow-x: hidden;
     display: grid;
-    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
+    grid-template-columns: repeat(8, minmax(0, 1fr));
     grid-auto-rows: 5rem;
     column-gap: 0.3rem;
     row-gap: 0.3rem;
     align-content: start;
     width: 100%;
+    padding-bottom: calc(env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 5.5rem);
+    scroll-padding-bottom: calc(env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 5.5rem);
+}
+
+#presets-list-zone > :last-child {
+    margin-bottom: calc(env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 2.5rem);
 }
 
 /* Settings modal layout */
@@ -949,7 +990,7 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
 }
 
 /* Mobile-friendly layout */
-@media (max-width: 800px) {
+@media (max-width: 1000px) {
     header {
         flex-direction: row;
         align-items: center;
@@ -1001,6 +1042,9 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
         min-width: 280px;
         max-width: 95vw;
         padding: 1.25rem;
+        max-height: calc(100dvh - 1rem);
+        overflow-y: auto;
+        padding-bottom: calc(1.25rem + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px));
     }
 
     .form-row {
@@ -1018,6 +1062,10 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
     width: 100%;
     height: 100%;
     background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.7);
+    overflow-y: auto;
+    padding: 1rem;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+    overscroll-behavior: contain;
 }
 .modal.active {
     display: flex;
@@ -1030,6 +1078,20 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
     border-radius: 8px;
     min-width: 400px;
     max-width: 600px;
+    max-height: calc(100dvh - 2rem);
+    overflow-y: auto;
+    padding-bottom: calc(2rem + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px));
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+}
+
+/* Real-phone viewport fallback for browsers with unstable 100dvh behavior. */
+@supports (-webkit-touch-callout: none) {
+    .modal {
+        min-height: -webkit-fill-available;
+    }
+    .modal-content {
+        max-height: calc(-webkit-fill-available - 2rem);
+    }
 }
 .modal-content label {
     display: block;
@@ -1199,10 +1261,12 @@ body.preset-ui-run .edit-mode-only {
 .color-swatches-container {
     min-height: 80px;
 }
-/* Presets list: 3 columns and vertical scroll (defined above); mobile same */
+/* Presets list: 3 columns on phone-sized screens */
-@media (max-width: 800px) {
+@media (max-width: 600px) {
     #presets-list-zone {
         grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
+        padding-bottom: calc(env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 7rem);
+        scroll-padding-bottom: calc(env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + 7rem);
     }
 }
 /* Help modal readability */

src/static/zones.js

@@ -1,5 +1,82 @@
 // Zone management JavaScript
 let currentZoneId = null;
+let brightnessSendTimeout = null;
+
+function clamp255(n) {
+    const v = parseInt(n, 10);
+    if (Number.isNaN(v)) return null;
+    return Math.max(0, Math.min(255, v));
+}
+
+function applyBrightnessSliders(val) {
+    const v = clamp255(val);
+    if (v === null) return;
+    const headerSlider = document.getElementById("header-brightness-slider");
+    const menuSlider = document.getElementById("menu-brightness-slider");
+    if (headerSlider) headerSlider.value = String(v);
+    if (menuSlider) menuSlider.value = String(v);
+}
+
+async function saveZoneBrightnessToServer(zoneId, val) {
+    if (!zoneId) return;
+    try {
+        const res = await fetch(`/zones/${zoneId}`, {
+            method: "PUT",
+            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", Accept: "application/json" },
+            credentials: "same-origin",
+            body: JSON.stringify({ brightness: val }),
+        });
+        if (!res.ok) {
+            const err = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+            console.warn("zone brightness save failed:", err.error || res.status);
+        }
+    } catch (e) {
+        console.warn("zone brightness save failed:", e);
+    }
+}
+
+function sendZoneBrightness(zoneId, value) {
+    if (!zoneId) return;
+    const val = Math.max(0, Math.min(255, parseInt(value, 10) || 0));
+    const headerSlider = document.getElementById('header-brightness-slider');
+    const menuSlider = document.getElementById('menu-brightness-slider');
+    if (headerSlider && String(headerSlider.value) !== String(val)) {
+        headerSlider.value = String(val);
+    }
+    if (menuSlider && String(menuSlider.value) !== String(val)) {
+        menuSlider.value = String(val);
+    }
+    if (brightnessSendTimeout) {
+        clearTimeout(brightnessSendTimeout);
+    }
+    brightnessSendTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        (async () => {
+            try {
+                await saveZoneBrightnessToServer(zoneId, val);
+                const section = document.querySelector('.presets-section[data-zone-id]');
+                const names = typeof window.parseTabDeviceNames === 'function'
+                    ? window.parseTabDeviceNames(section)
+                    : [];
+                const targetMacs =
+                    names.length > 0 &&
+                    typeof window.tabsManager !== 'undefined' &&
+                    typeof window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs === 'function'
+                        ? await window.tabsManager.resolveTabDeviceMacs(names)
+                        : [];
+                if (typeof window.postDriverSequence === 'function') {
+                    await window.postDriverSequence([{ v: '1', b: val, save: true }], targetMacs, 0);
+                    return;
+                }
+                // Fallback to raw websocket sender if presets.js helper isn't available yet.
+                if (typeof window.sendEspnowRaw === 'function') {
+                    window.sendEspnowRaw({ v: '1', b: val, save: true });
+                }
+            } catch (err) {
+                console.error('Failed to send brightness via driver sequence:', err);
+            }
+        })();
+    }, 150);
+}
 
 const isEditModeActive = () => {
     const toggle = document.querySelector('.ui-mode-toggle');
@@ -468,38 +545,23 @@ async function loadZoneContent(zoneId) {
         const legacyAttr = legacyOk ? ` data-device-names="${escapeHtmlAttr(names.join(","))}"` : "";
         container.innerHTML = `
             <div class="presets-section" data-zone-id="${zoneId}" data-device-names-json="${namesJsonAttr}"${legacyAttr}>
-                <div class="profiles-actions presets-toolbar" style="margin-bottom: 1rem;">
-                    <div class="zone-brightness-group">
-                        <label for="zone-brightness-slider">Brightness</label>
-                        <input type="range" id="zone-brightness-slider" min="0" max="255" value="255">
-                    </div>
-                </div>
                 <div id="presets-list-zone" class="presets-list">
                     <!-- Presets will be loaded here by presets.js -->
                 </div>
             </div>
         `;
 
-        // Wire up per-zone brightness slider to send global brightness via ESPNow.
+        // Keep header and menu brightness controls in sync.
-        const brightnessSlider = container.querySelector('#zone-brightness-slider');
+        const zoneBrightness =
-        let brightnessSendTimeout = null;
+            typeof zone.brightness === 'number'
-        if (brightnessSlider) {
+                ? zone.brightness
-            brightnessSlider.addEventListener('input', (e) => {
+                : parseInt(String(zone.brightness ?? ''), 10);
-                const val = parseInt(e.target.value, 10) || 0;
+        const normalizedBrightness = Number.isFinite(zoneBrightness)
-                if (brightnessSendTimeout) {
+            ? Math.max(0, Math.min(255, Math.round(zoneBrightness)))
-                    clearTimeout(brightnessSendTimeout);
+            : 255;
-                }
+        applyBrightnessSliders(normalizedBrightness);
-                brightnessSendTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        // Apply this zone's saved brightness when switching zones.
-                    if (typeof window.sendEspnowRaw === 'function') {
+        sendZoneBrightness(zoneId, normalizedBrightness);
-                        try {
-                            window.sendEspnowRaw({ v: '1', b: val, save: true });
-                        } catch (err) {
-                            console.error('Failed to send brightness via ESPNow:', err);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }, 150);
-            });
-        }
         
         // Trigger presets loading if the function exists
         if (typeof renderTabPresets === 'function') {
@@ -967,6 +1029,23 @@ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
         });
     }
 
+    const menuBrightnessSlider = document.getElementById('menu-brightness-slider');
+    const headerBrightnessSlider = document.getElementById('header-brightness-slider');
+    (async () => {
+        if (menuBrightnessSlider) {
+            menuBrightnessSlider.addEventListener('input', (e) => {
+                if (!currentZoneId) return;
+                sendZoneBrightness(currentZoneId, e.target.value);
+            });
+        }
+        if (headerBrightnessSlider) {
+            headerBrightnessSlider.addEventListener('input', (e) => {
+                if (!currentZoneId) return;
+                sendZoneBrightness(currentZoneId, e.target.value);
+            });
+        }
+    })();
+
     // When run/edit mode toggles, refresh tabs UI so edit actions show/hide immediately.
     document.querySelectorAll('.ui-mode-toggle').forEach((btn) => {
         btn.addEventListener('click', async () => {

src/templates/index.html

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="header-actions">
+                <div class="header-brightness-control">
+                    <label for="header-brightness-slider">Brightness</label>
+                    <input type="range" id="header-brightness-slider" min="0" max="255" value="255">
+                </div>
                 <button class="btn btn-secondary" id="profiles-btn">Profiles</button>
                 <button class="btn btn-secondary edit-mode-only" id="devices-btn">Devices</button>
                 <button class="btn btn-secondary edit-mode-only" id="zones-btn">Zones</button>
@@ -30,6 +34,10 @@
                 <button class="btn btn-secondary" id="main-menu-btn">Menu</button>
                 <div id="main-menu-dropdown" class="main-menu-dropdown">
                     <button type="button" class="ui-mode-toggle" id="ui-mode-toggle-mobile" aria-pressed="false">Edit mode</button>
+                    <div class="menu-brightness-control">
+                        <label for="menu-brightness-slider">Brightness</label>
+                        <input type="range" id="menu-brightness-slider" min="0" max="255" value="255">
+                    </div>
                     <button type="button" data-target="profiles-btn">Profiles</button>
                     <button type="button" class="edit-mode-only" data-target="devices-btn">Devices</button>
                     <button type="button" class="edit-mode-only" data-target="zones-btn">Tabs</button>
@@ -245,6 +253,7 @@
             <h2>Patterns</h2>
             <div class="modal-actions">
                 <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id="pattern-add-btn">Add</button>
+                <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" id="pattern-send-all-btn">Send All Patterns</button>
             </div>
             <div id="patterns-list" class="profiles-list"></div>
             <div class="modal-actions">

src/util/binary_envelope.py

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+"""
+Compact binary controller → led-driver messages (ESP-NOW friendly).
+
+Header (5 bytes), same for v1 (legacy) and v2 (native binary):
+
+  0: version — 1 = legacy (JSON text blobs); 2 = native binary blobs
+  1: brightness — 0–127 scales to device 0–255; 128–255 = leave unchanged
+  2: byte length of presets section (0–255)
+  3: byte length of select section
+  4: byte length of default section
+
+v2 presets blob (no JSON):
+  u8 preset_count
+  each preset:
+    u8 name_len; name utf-8
+    u8 pattern_len; pattern utf-8 (``p``)
+    u8 color_count; color_count × (u8 r, u8 g, u8 b)
+    u16 delay_le (``d``)
+    u8 preset_brightness (``b``)
+    u8 auto (0/1) (``a``)
+    i16 n1..n6 little-endian (``n1``–``n6``)
+
+v2 select blob:
+  u8 entry_count
+  each:
+    u8 device_len; device utf-8
+    u8 preset_name_len; preset name utf-8
+    u8 has_step (0/1); optional u16 step_le
+
+v2 default blob:
+  u8 default_name_len; name utf-8
+  u8 target_count
+  each: u8 len; target name utf-8
+
+Legacy v1: sections are UTF-8 JSON text (see ``parse_binary_envelope_v1``).
+
+Keep ``5 + lp + ls + ld`` ≤ 245 for a single ESP-NOW frame body.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import struct
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_1 = 1
+BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2 = 2
+HEADER_LEN = 5
+
+
+def brightness_wire_from_0_255(value: int) -> int:
+    """Map device brightness 0–255 to wire 0–127."""
+    v = max(0, min(255, int(value)))
+    return (v * 127 + 127) // 255
+
+
+def brightness_0_255_from_wire(wire: int) -> int:
+    """Map wire 0–127 to device brightness 0–255."""
+    w = max(0, min(127, int(wire)))
+    return min(255, (w * 255) // 127)
+
+
+def _clamp_i16(x: int) -> int:
+    x = int(x)
+    return max(-32768, min(32767, x))
+
+
+def _colors_to_rgb_list(colors: Any) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
+    out: List[Tuple[int, int, int]] = []
+    if not colors:
+        return out
+    for c in colors:
+        if isinstance(c, str):
+            h = c.strip().lstrip("#")
+            if len(h) >= 6:
+                out.append(
+                    (int(h[0:2], 16), int(h[2:4], 16), int(h[4:6], 16))
+                )
+        elif isinstance(c, (list, tuple)) and len(c) >= 3:
+            out.append((int(c[0]), int(c[1]), int(c[2])))
+    return out
+
+
+def _pack_preset_dict(name: str, preset: Dict[str, Any]) -> bytes:
+    pname = name.encode("utf-8")
+    if len(pname) > 250:
+        raise ValueError("preset name too long")
+    pattern = str(preset.get("p") or preset.get("pattern", "off")).encode("utf-8")
+    if len(pattern) > 250:
+        raise ValueError("pattern string too long")
+    rgbs = _colors_to_rgb_list(preset.get("c") or preset.get("colors") or [])
+    if len(rgbs) > 255:
+        raise ValueError("too many colours")
+    delay = max(0, min(65535, int(preset.get("d") or preset.get("delay", 100))))
+    br = max(0, min(255, int(preset.get("b") or preset.get("brightness", 127))))
+    auto = 1 if preset.get("a", preset.get("auto", True)) else 0
+    parts = [
+        bytes([len(pname)]),
+        pname,
+        bytes([len(pattern)]),
+        pattern,
+        bytes([len(rgbs)]),
+    ]
+    for r, g, b in rgbs:
+        parts.append(bytes([r & 255, g & 255, b & 255]))
+    n1 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n1", 0))
+    n2 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n2", 0))
+    n3 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n3", 0))
+    n4 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n4", 0))
+    n5 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n5", 0))
+    n6 = _clamp_i16(preset.get("n6", 0))
+    parts.append(
+        struct.pack(
+            "<HBBhhhhhh",
+            delay,
+            br,
+            auto,
+            n1,
+            n2,
+            n3,
+            n4,
+            n5,
+            n6,
+        )
+    )
+    return b"".join(parts)
+
+
+def _pack_presets_blob(presets: Dict[str, Any]) -> bytes:
+    items = [(k, v) for k, v in presets.items() if isinstance(v, dict)]
+    out = [bytes([len(items)])]
+    for name, pdata in items:
+        out.append(_pack_preset_dict(str(name), pdata))
+    return b"".join(out)
+
+
+def _pack_select_blob(select: Dict[str, Any]) -> bytes:
+    out = [bytes([len(select)])]
+    for device, sel in select.items():
+        dev_b = str(device).encode("utf-8")
+        if len(dev_b) > 250:
+            raise ValueError("device name too long")
+        if isinstance(sel, (list, tuple)) and sel:
+            pn = str(sel[0]).encode("utf-8")
+            step = sel[1] if len(sel) > 1 else None
+        else:
+            pn = str(sel).encode("utf-8")
+            step = None
+        if len(pn) > 250:
+            raise ValueError("preset name too long")
+        if step is None:
+            out.append(
+                bytes([len(dev_b)])
+                + dev_b
+                + bytes([len(pn)])
+                + pn
+                + bytes([0])
+            )
+        else:
+            s = int(step)
+            if s < 0 or s > 65535:
+                raise ValueError("step out of range")
+            out.append(
+                bytes([len(dev_b)])
+                + dev_b
+                + bytes([len(pn)])
+                + pn
+                + bytes([1])
+                + struct.pack("<H", s)
+            )
+    return b"".join(out)
+
+
+def _pack_default_blob(default: str, targets: Optional[list]) -> bytes:
+    name_b = str(default).encode("utf-8")
+    if len(name_b) > 250:
+        raise ValueError("default name too long")
+    tlist = list(targets) if targets else []
+    if len(tlist) > 255:
+        raise ValueError("too many targets")
+    out = [bytes([len(name_b)]), name_b, bytes([len(tlist)])]
+    for t in tlist:
+        tb = str(t).encode("utf-8")
+        if len(tb) > 250:
+            raise ValueError("target name too long")
+        out.append(bytes([len(tb)]))
+        out.append(tb)
+    return b"".join(out)
+
+
+def pack_binary_envelope_v2(
+    *,
+    presets: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    select: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    default: Optional[str] = None,
+    default_targets: Optional[list] = None,
+    brightness_0_255: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Build a v2 envelope (native binary sections, no JSON)."""
+    presets_bytes = (
+        _pack_presets_blob(presets) if presets is not None and presets else b""
+    )
+    select_bytes = (
+        _pack_select_blob(select) if select is not None and select else b""
+    )
+    default_bytes = (
+        _pack_default_blob(default, default_targets)
+        if default is not None
+        else b""
+    )
+
+    lp = len(presets_bytes)
+    ls = len(select_bytes)
+    ld = len(default_bytes)
+    if lp > 255 or ls > 255 or ld > 255:
+        raise ValueError("binary envelope section exceeds 255 bytes")
+
+    br_wire = (
+        255
+        if brightness_0_255 is None
+        else brightness_wire_from_0_255(brightness_0_255)
+    )
+    header = bytes([BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2, br_wire, lp, ls, ld])
+    return header + presets_bytes + select_bytes + default_bytes
+
+
+def pack_binary_envelope_v1(
+    *,
+    presets: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    select: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    default: Optional[str] = None,
+    default_targets: Optional[list] = None,
+    brightness_0_255: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Legacy: JSON UTF-8 fragments (version byte 1). Prefer ``pack_binary_envelope_v2``."""
+    if presets is None:
+        presets_bytes = b""
+    else:
+        presets_bytes = json.dumps(presets, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+
+    if select is None:
+        select_bytes = b""
+    else:
+        select_bytes = json.dumps(select, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+
+    default_obj: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    if default is not None:
+        default_obj = {
+            "default": default,
+            "targets": list(default_targets) if default_targets else [],
+        }
+    default_bytes = (
+        json.dumps(default_obj, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+        if default_obj is not None
+        else b""
+    )
+
+    lp = len(presets_bytes)
+    ls = len(select_bytes)
+    ld = len(default_bytes)
+    if lp > 255 or ls > 255 or ld > 255:
+        raise ValueError("binary envelope fragment exceeds 255 bytes")
+
+    br_wire = (
+        255
+        if brightness_0_255 is None
+        else brightness_wire_from_0_255(brightness_0_255)
+    )
+    header = bytes([BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_1, br_wire, lp, ls, ld])
+    return header + presets_bytes + select_bytes + default_bytes
+
+
+def _decode_preset_record(
+    buf: bytes, off: int
+) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any], int]:
+    if off + 1 > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    nl = buf[off]
+    off += 1
+    if off + nl > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    name = buf[off : off + nl].decode("utf-8")
+    off += nl
+    if off + 1 > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    pl = buf[off]
+    off += 1
+    if off + pl > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    pattern = buf[off : off + pl].decode("utf-8")
+    off += pl
+    if off + 1 > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    nc = buf[off]
+    off += 1
+    if off + nc * 3 > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    colors: List[str] = []
+    for _ in range(nc):
+        r, g, b = buf[off], buf[off + 1], buf[off + 2]
+        off += 3
+        colors.append(f"#{r:02x}{g:02x}{b:02x}")
+    if off + 16 > len(buf):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    delay, br, auto, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6 = struct.unpack_from(
+        "<HBBhhhhhh", buf, off
+    )
+    off += 16
+    preset = {
+        "p": pattern,
+        "c": colors,
+        "d": delay,
+        "b": br,
+        "a": bool(auto),
+        "n1": n1,
+        "n2": n2,
+        "n3": n3,
+        "n4": n4,
+        "n5": n5,
+        "n6": n6,
+    }
+    return name, preset, off
+
+
+def _decode_presets_blob(chunk: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    if not chunk:
+        return {}
+    off = 0
+    if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    count = chunk[off]
+    off += 1
+    out: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for _ in range(count):
+        name, preset, off = _decode_preset_record(chunk, off)
+        out[name] = preset
+    if off != len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("presets blob length mismatch")
+    return out
+
+
+def _decode_select_blob(chunk: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    if not chunk:
+        return {}
+    off = 0
+    if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    count = chunk[off]
+    off += 1
+    out: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for _ in range(count):
+        if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        dl = chunk[off]
+        off += 1
+        if off + dl > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        device = chunk[off : off + dl].decode("utf-8")
+        off += dl
+        if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        pl = chunk[off]
+        off += 1
+        if off + pl > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        pname = chunk[off : off + pl].decode("utf-8")
+        off += pl
+        if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        has_step = chunk[off]
+        off += 1
+        if has_step:
+            if off + 2 > len(chunk):
+                raise ValueError("truncated")
+            step = struct.unpack_from("<H", chunk, off)[0]
+            off += 2
+            out[device] = [pname, step]
+        else:
+            out[device] = [pname]
+    if off != len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("select blob length mismatch")
+    return out
+
+
+def _decode_default_blob(chunk: bytes) -> Tuple[Optional[str], list]:
+    if not chunk:
+        return None, []
+    off = 0
+    if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    nl = chunk[off]
+    off += 1
+    if off + nl > len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    default_name = chunk[off : off + nl].decode("utf-8") if nl else ""
+    off += nl
+    if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("truncated")
+    nt = chunk[off]
+    off += 1
+    targets: List[str] = []
+    for _ in range(nt):
+        if off + 1 > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        tl = chunk[off]
+        off += 1
+        if off + tl > len(chunk):
+            raise ValueError("truncated")
+        targets.append(chunk[off : off + tl].decode("utf-8"))
+        off += tl
+    if off != len(chunk):
+        raise ValueError("default blob length mismatch")
+    return default_name, targets
+
+
+def parse_binary_envelope_v2(buf: bytes) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Decode native-binary v2 envelope into the v1 API dict shape."""
+    if not isinstance(buf, (bytes, bytearray)) or len(buf) < HEADER_LEN:
+        return None
+    if buf[0] != BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2:
+        return None
+    lp, ls, ld = buf[2], buf[3], buf[4]
+    need = HEADER_LEN + lp + ls + ld
+    if len(buf) != need:
+        return None
+
+    off = HEADER_LEN
+    presets_chunk = buf[off : off + lp]
+    off += lp
+    select_chunk = buf[off : off + ls]
+    off += ls
+    default_chunk = buf[off : off + ld]
+
+    data: Dict[str, Any] = {"v": "1"}
+    br = buf[1]
+    if br < 128:
+        data["b"] = brightness_0_255_from_wire(br)
+
+    try:
+        if lp:
+            data["presets"] = _decode_presets_blob(bytes(presets_chunk))
+        if ls:
+            data["select"] = _decode_select_blob(bytes(select_chunk))
+        if ld:
+            dname, targets = _decode_default_blob(bytes(default_chunk))
+            data["default"] = dname
+            data["targets"] = targets
+    except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
+        return None
+
+    return data
+
+
+def parse_binary_envelope_v1(buf: bytes) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Decode legacy v1 bytes (JSON text blobs) into a v1 API dict.
+    Returns None if ``buf`` is not a valid v1 envelope.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(buf, (bytes, bytearray)) or len(buf) < HEADER_LEN:
+        return None
+    if buf[0] != BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_1:
+        return None
+    lp, ls, ld = buf[2], buf[3], buf[4]
+    need = HEADER_LEN + lp + ls + ld
+    if len(buf) != need:
+        return None
+
+    off = HEADER_LEN
+    presets_chunk = buf[off : off + lp]
+    off += lp
+    select_chunk = buf[off : off + ls]
+    off += ls
+    default_chunk = buf[off : off + ld]
+
+    data: Dict[str, Any] = {"v": "1"}
+
+    br = buf[1]
+    if br < 128:
+        data["b"] = brightness_0_255_from_wire(br)
+
+    if lp:
+        try:
+            data["presets"] = json.loads(presets_chunk.decode("utf-8"))
+        except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
+            return None
+    if ls:
+        try:
+            data["select"] = json.loads(select_chunk.decode("utf-8"))
+        except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
+            return None
+    if ld:
+        try:
+            extra = json.loads(default_chunk.decode("utf-8"))
+        except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
+            return None
+        if isinstance(extra, dict):
+            for k, v in extra.items():
+                data[k] = v
+
+    return data
+
+
+def parse_binary_envelope(buf: bytes) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Try v2 (native binary), then v1 (JSON fragments)."""
+    d = parse_binary_envelope_v2(buf)
+    if d is not None:
+        return d
+    return parse_binary_envelope_v1(buf)

src/util/message.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""JSON wire representation for controller messages (binary packing can replace later)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Dict, Union
+
+
+class Message:
+    """Round-trip API dicts as compact UTF-8 JSON."""
+
+    def encode(self, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> bytes:
+        """Encode a JSON-serialisable mapping (typically a v1 API dict) to bytes."""
+        return json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
+
+    def decode(self, payload: Union[str, bytes, bytearray]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Decode UTF-8 JSON bytes or string into a dict."""
+        if isinstance(payload, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            text = payload.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            text = payload
+        obj = json.loads(text)
+        if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+            raise TypeError("JSON root must be an object")
+        return obj

tests/test_binary_envelope.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""Tests for compact binary controller envelopes (host util)."""
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+sys.path.insert(0, str(PROJECT_ROOT / "src"))
+
+from util.binary_envelope import (  # noqa: E402
+    BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2,
+    brightness_wire_from_0_255,
+    brightness_0_255_from_wire,
+    pack_binary_envelope_v2,
+    parse_binary_envelope,
+    parse_binary_envelope_v2,
+    parse_binary_envelope_v1,
+)
+
+
+def test_brightness_round_trip_extremes():
+    assert brightness_0_255_from_wire(brightness_wire_from_0_255(0)) == 0
+    assert brightness_0_255_from_wire(brightness_wire_from_0_255(255)) == 255
+
+
+def test_pack_parse_v2_brightness_only():
+    raw = pack_binary_envelope_v2(brightness_0_255=128)
+    assert raw[0] == BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2
+    data = parse_binary_envelope_v2(raw)
+    assert data == {"v": "1", "b": 128}
+
+
+def test_pack_parse_v2_full():
+    raw = pack_binary_envelope_v2(
+        presets={
+            "a": {
+                "p": "on",
+                "c": ["#ffffff"],
+                "d": 10,
+                "b": 255,
+                "a": True,
+                "n1": 1,
+                "n2": -2,
+                "n3": 3,
+                "n4": 4,
+                "n5": 5,
+                "n6": 6,
+            }
+        },
+        select={"dev": ["a"]},
+        default="a",
+        default_targets=["dev"],
+        brightness_0_255=64,
+    )
+    assert len(raw) <= 250
+    data = parse_binary_envelope_v2(raw)
+    assert data["v"] == "1"
+    assert data["b"] == 64
+    assert data["presets"]["a"]["p"] == "on"
+    assert data["presets"]["a"]["n2"] == -2
+    assert data["select"]["dev"] == ["a"]
+    assert data["default"] == "a"
+    assert data["targets"] == ["dev"]
+
+    merged = parse_binary_envelope(raw)
+    assert merged == data
+
+
+def test_v2_wire_not_utf8_json():
+    raw = pack_binary_envelope_v2(
+        presets={"x": {"p": "blink", "c": ["#112233"]}},
+        brightness_0_255=None,
+    )
+    assert raw[0] == BINARY_ENVELOPE_VERSION_2
+    assert parse_binary_envelope_v1(raw) is None
+
+
+def test_dont_change_brightness_v2():
+    raw = pack_binary_envelope_v2(brightness_0_255=None)
+    data = parse_binary_envelope_v2(raw)
+    assert "b" not in data
+
+
+def test_json_wire_not_v2():
+    assert parse_binary_envelope_v2(b'{"v":"1"}') is None
+
+
+def test_legacy_v1_parse_via_dispatcher():
+    import json
+
+    inner = json.dumps({"x": {"p": "on"}}, separators=(",", ":")).encode()
+    raw = bytes([1, 255, len(inner), 0, 0]) + inner
+    d = parse_binary_envelope(raw)
+    assert d["presets"]["x"]["p"] == "on"

tests/test_browser.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 """
 Browser automation tests using Selenium.
 Tests run against the device in an actual browser. Target host defaults to
-``192.168.4.1``; override with ``LED_CONTROLLER_DEVICE_IP`` (IP or hostname,
+``127.0.0.1:5000``; override with ``LED_CONTROLLER_DEVICE_IP`` (IP or hostname,
 or a full ``http://`` / ``https://`` base URL).
 
 Fixed delays between UI steps use ``LED_CONTROLLER_BROWSER_SLEEP_SCALE``
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ from selenium.common.exceptions import (
     ElementNotInteractableException,
 )
 
-_DEFAULT_DEVICE_HOST = "192.168.4.1"
+_DEFAULT_DEVICE_HOST = "127.0.0.1:5000"
 
 
 def _device_base_url() -> str:

tests/test_endpoints_pytest.py

@@ -347,6 +347,15 @@ def test_settings_controller(server):
     resp = c.put(f"{base_url}/settings/settings", json={"wifi_channel": 12})
     assert resp.status_code == 400
 
+    resp = c.put(f"{base_url}/settings/settings", json={"global_brightness": 42})
+    assert resp.status_code == 200
+    resp = c.get(f"{base_url}/settings")
+    assert resp.status_code == 200
+    assert resp.json().get("global_brightness") == 42
+
+    resp = c.put(f"{base_url}/settings/settings", json={"global_brightness": 300})
+    assert resp.status_code == 400
+
 
 def test_profiles_presets_zones_endpoints(server, monkeypatch):
     c: requests.Session = server["client"]