375 lines
19 KiB
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375 lines
19 KiB
HTML
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<title>AVRDUDE: 1 Introduction</title>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<h1>AVRDUDE</h1>
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<h3 align="right">A program for download/uploading AVR microcontroller flash and eeprom.</h3>
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<h3 align="right">For AVRDUDE, Version 6.99-20211218, 13 March 2022.</h3>
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<strong>by Brian S. Dean</strong><br>
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<p>Use <a href="https://github.com/avrdudes/avrdude/issues">https://github.com/avrdudes/avrdude/issues</a> to report bugs and ask questions.
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</p>
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<p>Copyright © Brian S. Dean, Jörg Wunsch
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</p><br>
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<br>
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<p>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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are preserved on all copies.
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</p>
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<p>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
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resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
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notice identical to this one.
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</p>
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<p>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
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except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
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by the Free Software Foundation.
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</p><hr>
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<a name="Top"></a>
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<table class="header" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[ << ]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[ < ]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[ Up ]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_1.html#History" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_2.html#Command-Line-Options" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[Index]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<hr>
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<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_2.html#Command-Line-Options">2 Command Line Options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_6.html#Terminal-Mode-Operation">3 Terminal Mode Operation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_9.html#Configuration-File">4 Configuration File</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_16.html#Programmer-Specific-Information">5 Programmer Specific Information</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_20.html#Platform-Dependent-Information">Appendix A Platform Dependent Information</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_39.html#Troubleshooting">Appendix B Troubleshooting</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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</table>
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<a name="Introduction"></a>
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<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
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<h1 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h1>
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<a name="index-introduction"></a>
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<p>AVRDUDE - AVR Downloader Uploader - is a program for downloading and
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uploading the on-chip memories of Atmel’s AVR microcontrollers. It can
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program the Flash and EEPROM, and where supported by the serial
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programming protocol, it can program fuse and lock bits. AVRDUDE also
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supplies a direct instruction mode allowing one to issue any programming
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instruction to the AVR chip regardless of whether AVRDUDE implements
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that specific feature of a particular chip.
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</p>
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<p>AVRDUDE can be used effectively via the command line to read or write
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all chip memory types (eeprom, flash, fuse bits, lock bits, signature
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bytes) or via an interactive (terminal) mode. Using AVRDUDE from the
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command line works well for programming the entire memory of the chip
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from the contents of a file, while interactive mode is useful for
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exploring memory contents, modifying individual bytes of eeprom,
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programming fuse/lock bits, etc.
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</p>
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<p>AVRDUDE supports the following basic programmer types: Atmel’s STK500,
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Atmel’s AVRISP and AVRISP mkII devices,
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Atmel’s STK600,
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Atmel’s JTAG ICE (the original one, mkII, and 3, the latter two also in ISP mode), appnote
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avr910, appnote avr109 (including the AVR Butterfly),
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serial bit-bang adapters,
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and the PPI (parallel port interface). PPI represents a class
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of simple programmers where the programming lines are directly
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connected to the PC parallel port. Several pin configurations exist
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for several variations of the PPI programmers, and AVRDUDE can be
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configured to work with them by either specifying the appropriate
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programmer on the command line or by creating a new entry in its
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configuration file. All that’s usually required for a new entry is to
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tell AVRDUDE which pins to use for each programming function.
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</p>
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<p>A number of equally simple bit-bang programming adapters that connect
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to a serial port are supported as well, among them the popular
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Ponyprog serial adapter, and the DASA and DASA3 adapters that used to
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be supported by uisp(1). Note that these adapters are meant to be
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attached to a physical serial port. Connecting to a serial port
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emulated on top of USB is likely to not work at all, or to work
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abysmally slow.
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</p>
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<p>If you happen to have a Linux system with at least 4 hardware GPIOs
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available (like almost all embedded Linux boards) you can do without
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any additional hardware - just connect them to the MOSI, MISO, RESET
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and SCK pins on the AVR and use the linuxgpio programmer type. It bitbangs
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the lines using the Linux sysfs GPIO interface. Of course, care should
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be taken about voltage level compatibility. Also, although not strictly
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required, it is strongly advisable to protect the GPIO pins from
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overcurrent situations in some way. The simplest would be to just put
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some resistors in series or better yet use a 3-state buffer driver like
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the 74HC244. Have a look at http://kolev.info/blog/2013/01/06/avrdude-linuxgpio/ for a more
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detailed tutorial about using this programmer type.
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</p>
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<p>Under a Linux installation with direct access to the SPI bus and GPIO
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pins, such as would be found on a Raspberry Pi, the “linuxspi”
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programmer type can be used to directly connect to and program a chip
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using the built in interfaces on the computer. The requirements to use
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this type are that an SPI interface is exposed along with one GPIO
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pin. The GPIO serves as the reset output since the Linux SPI drivers
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do not hold slave select down when a transfer is not occuring and thus
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it cannot be used as the reset pin. A readily available level
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translator should be used between the SPI bus/reset GPIO and the chip
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to avoid potentially damaging the computer’s SPI controller in the
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event that the chip is running at 5V and the SPI runs at 3.3V. The
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GPIO chosen for reset can be configured in the avrdude configuration
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file using the <code>reset</code> entry under the linuxspi programmer, or
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directly in the port specification. An external pull-up resistor
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should be connected between the AVR’s reset pin and Vcc. If Vcc is not
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the same as the SPI voltage, this should be done on the AVR side of
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the level translator to protect the hardware from damage.
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</p>
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<p>On a Raspberry Pi, header J8 provides access to the SPI and GPIO
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lines.
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</p>
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<p>Typically, pins 19, 21, and 23 are SPI MOSI, MISO, and SCK, while
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pins 24 and 26 would serve as CE outputs. So, close to these pins
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is pin 22 as GPIO25 which can be used as /RESET, and pin 25 can
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be used as GND.
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</p>
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<p>A typical programming cable would then look like:
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</p>
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<table>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>J8 pin</code></td><td width="15%"><code>ISP pin</code></td><td width="30%"><code>Name</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>21</code></td><td width="15%"><code>1</code></td><td width="30%"><code>MISO</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>-</code></td><td width="15%"><code>2</code></td><td width="30%"><code>Vcc - leave open</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>23</code></td><td width="15%"><code>3</code></td><td width="30%"><code>SCK</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>19</code></td><td width="15%"><code>4</code></td><td width="30%"><code>MOSI</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>22</code></td><td width="15%"><code>5</code></td><td width="30%"><code>/RESET</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td width="15%"><code>25</code></td><td width="15%"><code>6</code></td><td width="30%"><code>GND</code></td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>(Mind the 3.3 V voltage level of the Raspberry Pi!)
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</p>
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<p>The <code>-P <var>portname</var></code> option defaults to
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<code>/dev/spidev0.0:/dev/gpiochip0</code> for this programmer.
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</p>
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<p>The STK500, JTAG ICE, avr910, and avr109/butterfly use the serial port to communicate with the PC.
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The STK600, JTAG ICE mkII/3, AVRISP mkII, USBasp, avrftdi (and derivatives), and USBtinyISP
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programmers communicate through the USB, using <code>libusb</code> as a
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platform abstraction layer.
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The avrftdi adds support for the FT2232C/D, FT2232H, and FT4232H devices. These all use
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the MPSSE mode, which has a specific pin mapping. Bit 1 (the lsb of the byte in the config
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file) is SCK. Bit 2 is MOSI, and Bit 3 is MISO. Bit 4 usually reset. The 2232C/D parts
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are only supported on interface A, but the H parts can be either A or B (specified by the
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usbdev config parameter).
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The STK500, STK600, JTAG ICE, and avr910 contain on-board logic to control the programming of the target
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device.
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The avr109 bootloader implements a protocol similar to avr910, but is
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actually implemented in the boot area of the target’s flash ROM, as
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opposed to being an external device.
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The fundamental difference between the two types lies in the
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protocol used to control the programmer. The avr910 protocol is very
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simplistic and can easily be used as the basis for a simple, home made
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programmer since the firmware is available online. On the other hand,
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the STK500 protocol is more robust and complicated and the firmware is
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not openly available.
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The JTAG ICE also uses a serial communication protocol which is similar
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to the STK500 firmware version 2 one. However, as the JTAG ICE is
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intended to allow on-chip debugging as well as memory programming, the
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protocol is more sophisticated.
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(The JTAG ICE mkII protocol can also be run on top of USB.)
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Only the memory programming functionality of the JTAG ICE is supported
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by AVRDUDE.
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For the JTAG ICE mkII/3, JTAG, debugWire and ISP mode are supported, provided
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it has a firmware revision of at least 4.14 (decimal).
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See below for the limitations of debugWire.
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For ATxmega devices, the JTAG ICE mkII/3 is supported in PDI mode, provided it
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has a revision 1 hardware and firmware version of at least 5.37 (decimal).
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</p>
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<p>The Atmel-ICE (ARM/AVR) is supported (JTAG, PDI for Xmega, debugWIRE, ISP modes).
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</p>
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<p>Atmel’s XplainedPro boards, using EDBG protocol (CMSIS-DAP compliant), are
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supported by the “jtag3” programmer type.
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</p>
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<p>Atmel’s XplainedMini boards, using mEDBG protocol, are also
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supported by the “jtag3” programmer type.
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</p>
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<p>The AVR Dragon is supported in all modes (ISP, JTAG, PDI, HVSP, PP, debugWire).
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When used in JTAG and debugWire mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to a
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JTAG ICE mkII, so all device-specific comments for that device
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will apply as well.
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When used in ISP and PDI mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to an
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AVRISP mkII (or JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode), so all device-specific
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comments will apply there.
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In particular, the Dragon starts out with a rather fast ISP clock
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frequency, so the <code>-B <var>bitclock</var></code>
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option might be required to achieve a stable ISP communication.
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For ATxmega devices, the AVR Dragon is supported in PDI mode, provided it
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has a firmware version of at least 6.11 (decimal).
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</p>
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<p>Wiring boards (e.g. Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3) are supported, utilizing
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STK500 V2.x protocol, but a simple DTR/RTS toggle to set the boards
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into programming mode. The programmer type is “wiring”. Note that
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the -D option will likely be required in this case, because the
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bootloader will rewrite the program memory, but no true chip erase can
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be performed.
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</p>
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<p>The Arduino (which is very similar to the STK500 1.x) is supported via
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its own programmer type specification “arduino”. This programmer works for
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the Arduino Uno Rev3 or any AVR that runs the Optiboot bootloader.
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The number of connection retry attempts can be specified as an
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extended parameter. See the section on
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<em>extended parameters</em>
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below for details.
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</p>
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<p>The BusPirate is a versatile tool that can also be used as an AVR programmer.
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A single BusPirate can be connected to up to 3 independent AVRs. See
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the section on
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<em>extended parameters</em>
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below for details.
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</p>
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<p>The USBasp ISP and USBtinyISP adapters are also supported, provided AVRDUDE
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has been compiled with libusb support.
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They both feature simple firmware-only USB implementations, running on
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an ATmega8 (or ATmega88), or ATtiny2313, respectively.
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</p>
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<p>The Atmel DFU bootloader is supported in both, FLIP protocol version 1
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(AT90USB* and ATmega*U* devices), as well as version 2 (Xmega devices).
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See below for some hints about FLIP version 1 protocol behaviour.
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</p>
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<p>The MPLAB(R) PICkit 4 and MPLAB(R) SNAP are supported in ISP, PDI and UPDI mode.
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The Curiosity Nano board is supported in UPDI mode. It is dubbed “PICkit on
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Board”, thus the name <code>pkobn_updi</code>.
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</p>
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<p>SerialUPDI programmer implementation is based on Microchip’s
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<em>pymcuprog</em> (<a href="https://github.com/microchip-pic-avr-tools/pymcuprog">https://github.com/microchip-pic-avr-tools/pymcuprog</a>)
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utility, but it also contains some performance improvements included in
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Spence Konde’s <em>DxCore</em> Arduino core (<a href="https://github.com/SpenceKonde/DxCore">https://github.com/SpenceKonde/DxCore</a>).
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In a nutshell, this programmer consists of simple USB->UART adapter, diode
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and couple of resistors. It uses serial connection to provide UPDI interface.
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See section <a href="avrdude_19.html#SerialUPDI-programmer">SerialUPDI programmer</a> for more details and known issues.
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</p>
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<p>The jtag2updi programmer is supported,
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and can program AVRs with a UPDI interface.
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Jtag2updi is just a firmware that can be uploaded to an AVR,
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which enables it to interface with avrdude using the jtagice mkii protocol
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via a serial link (<a href="https://github.com/ElTangas/jtag2updi">https://github.com/ElTangas/jtag2updi</a>).
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</p>
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<p>The Micronucleus bootloader is supported for both protocol version V1
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and V2. As the bootloader does not support reading from flash memory,
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use the <code>-V</code> option to prevent AVRDUDE from verifing the flash memory.
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See the section on <em>extended parameters</em>
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below for Micronucleus specific options.
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</p>
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<p>The Teensy bootloader is supported for all AVR boards.
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As the bootloader does not support reading from flash memory,
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use the <code>-V</code> option to prevent AVRDUDE from verifing the flash memory.
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See the section on <em>extended parameters</em>
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below for Teensy specific options.
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</p>
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<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="avrdude_1.html#History">1.1 History and Credits</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
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</table>
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<hr>
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<table class="header" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[ << ]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[ < ]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[ Up ]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_1.html#History" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_2.html#Command-Line-Options" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[Index]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avrdude_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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This document was generated on <i>March 16, 2022</i> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><i>texi2html 5.0</i></a>.
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