avrdude/src/usbtiny.c

/*
 * avrdude - A Downloader/Uploader for AVR device programmers
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Dick Streefland, adapted for 5.4 by Limor Fried
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

/*
 * Driver for "usbtiny"-type programmers
 * Please see http://www.xs4all.nl/~dicks/avr/usbtiny/
 *        and http://www.ladyada.net/make/usbtinyisp/
 * For example schematics and detailed documentation
 */

#include "ac_cfg.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "avrdude.h"
#include "libavrdude.h"

#include "usbtiny.h"
#include "usbdevs.h"

#if defined(HAVE_LIBUSB)      // we use LIBUSB to talk to the board
#if defined(HAVE_USB_H)
#  include <usb.h>
#elif defined(HAVE_LUSB0_USB_H)
#  include <lusb0_usb.h>
#else
#  error "libusb needs either <usb.h> or <lusb0_usb.h>"
#endif

#include "tpi.h"

#define TPIPCR_GT_0b	0x07
#define TPI_STOP_BITS	0x03

#define LITTLE_TO_BIG_16(x) ((((x) << 8) & 0xFF00) | (((x) >> 8) & 0x00FF))

#ifndef HAVE_UINT_T
typedef	unsigned int	uint_t;
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_ULONG_T
typedef	unsigned long	ulong_t;
#endif

extern int avr_write_byte_default ( PROGRAMMER* pgm, AVRPART* p,
				    AVRMEM* mem, ulong_t addr,
				    unsigned char data );
/*
 * Private data for this programmer.
 */
struct pdata
{
  usb_dev_handle *usb_handle;
  int sck_period;
  int chunk_size;
  int retries;
};

#define PDATA(pgm) ((struct pdata *)(pgm->cookie))

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------

static void usbtiny_setup(PROGRAMMER * pgm)
{
  if ((pgm->cookie = malloc(sizeof(struct pdata))) == 0) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: usbtiny_setup(): Out of memory allocating private data\n",
                    progname);
    exit(1);
  }
  memset(pgm->cookie, 0, sizeof(struct pdata));
}

static void usbtiny_teardown(PROGRAMMER * pgm)
{
  free(pgm->cookie);
}

// Wrapper for simple usb_control_msg messages
static int usb_control (PROGRAMMER * pgm,
			unsigned int requestid, unsigned int val, unsigned int index )
{
  int nbytes;
  nbytes = usb_control_msg( PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle,
			    USB_ENDPOINT_IN | USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_RECIP_DEVICE,
			    requestid,
			    val, index,           // 2 bytes each of data
			    NULL, 0,              // no data buffer in control message
			    USB_TIMEOUT );        // default timeout
  if(nbytes < 0){
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "\n%s: error: usbtiny_transmit: %s\n", progname, usb_strerror());
    return -1;
  }

  return nbytes;
}

// Wrapper for simple usb_control_msg messages to receive data from programmer
static int usb_in (PROGRAMMER * pgm,
		   unsigned int requestid, unsigned int val, unsigned int index,
		   unsigned char* buffer, int buflen, int bitclk )
{
  int nbytes;
  int timeout;
  int i;

  // calculate the amount of time we expect the process to take by
  // figuring the bit-clock time and buffer size and adding to the standard USB timeout.
  timeout = USB_TIMEOUT + (buflen * bitclk) / 1000;

  for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    nbytes = usb_control_msg( PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle,
			      USB_ENDPOINT_IN | USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_RECIP_DEVICE,
			      requestid,
			      val, index,
			      (char *)buffer, buflen,
			      timeout);
    if (nbytes == buflen) {
      return nbytes;
    }
    PDATA(pgm)->retries++;
  }
  avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "\n%s: error: usbtiny_receive: %s (expected %d, got %d)\n",
          progname, usb_strerror(), buflen, nbytes);
  return -1;
}

// Report the number of retries, and reset the counter.
static void check_retries (PROGRAMMER * pgm, const char* operation)
{
  if (PDATA(pgm)->retries > 0 && quell_progress < 2) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: %d retries during %s\n", progname,
           PDATA(pgm)->retries, operation);
  }
  PDATA(pgm)->retries = 0;
}

// Wrapper for simple usb_control_msg messages to send data to programmer
static int usb_out (PROGRAMMER * pgm,
		    unsigned int requestid, unsigned int val, unsigned int index,
		    unsigned char* buffer, int buflen, int bitclk )
{
  int nbytes;
  int timeout;

  // calculate the amount of time we expect the process to take by
  // figuring the bit-clock time and buffer size and adding to the standard USB timeout.
  timeout = USB_TIMEOUT + (buflen * bitclk) / 1000;

  nbytes = usb_control_msg( PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle,
			    USB_ENDPOINT_OUT | USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_RECIP_DEVICE,
			    requestid,
			    val, index,
			    (char *)buffer, buflen,
			    timeout);
  if (nbytes != buflen) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "\n%s: error: usbtiny_send: %s (expected %d, got %d)\n",
	    progname, usb_strerror(), buflen, nbytes);
    return -1;
  }

  return nbytes;
}

/* Reverse the bits in a byte. Needed since TPI uses little-endian
   bit order (LSB first) whereas SPI uses big-endian (MSB first).*/
static unsigned char reverse(unsigned char b) {
  return
    (  (b & 0x01) << 7)
    | ((b & 0x02) << 5)
    | ((b & 0x04) << 3)
    | ((b & 0x08) << 1)
    | ((b & 0x10) >> 1)
    | ((b & 0x20) >> 3)
    | ((b & 0x40) >> 5)
    | ((b & 0x80) >> 7);
}

/* Calculate even parity. */
static unsigned char tpi_parity(unsigned char b)
{
  unsigned char parity = 0;
  int i;

  for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
    if (b & 1)
      parity ^= 1;
    b >>= 1;
  }
  return parity;
}

/* Encode 1 start bit (0), 8 data bits, 1 parity, 2 stop bits (1)
   inside 16 bits. The data is padded to 16 bits by 4 leading 1s
   (which will be ignored since they're not start bits). This layout
   enables a write to be followed by a read. */
static unsigned short tpi_frame(unsigned char b) {
  return LITTLE_TO_BIG_16(0xf000 |
			  (reverse(b) << 3) |
			  tpi_parity(b) << 2 |
			  TPI_STOP_BITS);
}

/* Transmit a single byte encapsulated in a 32-bit transfer. Unused
   bits are padded with 1s. */
static int usbtiny_tpi_tx(PROGRAMMER *pgm, unsigned char b0)
{
  unsigned char res[4];

  if (usb_in(pgm, USBTINY_SPI, tpi_frame(b0), 0xffff,
	     res, sizeof(res), 8 * sizeof(res) * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period) < 0)
    return -1;
  if (verbose > 1)
    fprintf(stderr, "CMD_TPI_TX: [0x%02x]\n", b0);
  return 1;
}

/* Transmit a two bytes encapsulated in a 32-bit transfer. Unused
   bits are padded with 1s. */
static int usbtiny_tpi_txtx(PROGRAMMER *pgm,
			    unsigned char b0, unsigned char b1)
{
  unsigned char res[4];

  if (usb_in(pgm, USBTINY_SPI, tpi_frame(b0), tpi_frame(b1),
	     res, sizeof(res), 8 * sizeof(res) * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period) < 0)
    return -1;
  if (verbose > 1)
    fprintf(stderr, "CMD_TPI_TX_TX: [0x%02x 0x%02x]\n", b0, b1);
  return 1;
}

/* Transmit a byte then receive a byte, all encapsulated in a 32-bit
   transfer.  Unused bits are padded with 1s.  This code assumes that
   the start bit of the byte being received arrives within at most 2
   TPICLKs.  We ensure this by calling avr_tpi_program_enable() with
   delay==TPIPCR_GT_0b.  */
static int usbtiny_tpi_txrx(PROGRAMMER *pgm, unsigned char b0)
{
  unsigned char res[4], r;
  short w;

  if (usb_in(pgm, USBTINY_SPI, tpi_frame(b0), 0xffff,
	     res, sizeof(res), 8 * sizeof(res) * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period) < 0)
    return -1;

  w = (res[2] << 8) | res[3];
  /* Look for start bit (there should be no more than two 1 bits): */
  while (w < 0)
    w <<= 1;
  /* Now that we found the start bit, the top 9 bits contain the start
     bit and the 8 data bits, but the latter in reverse order. */
  r = reverse(w >> 7);
  if (tpi_parity(r) != ((w >> 6) & 1)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: parity bit is wrong\n", __func__);
    return -1;
  }
  if (((w >> 4) & 0x3) != TPI_STOP_BITS) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: stop bits not received correctly\n", __func__);
    return -1;
  }

  if (verbose > 1)
    fprintf(stderr, "CMD_TPI_TX_RX: [0x%02x -> 0x%02x]\n", b0, r);
  return r;
}

// Sometimes we just need to know the SPI command for the part to perform
// a function. Here we wrap this request for an operation so that we
// can just specify the part and operation and it'll do the right stuff
// to get the information from AvrDude and send to the USBtiny
static int usbtiny_avr_op (PROGRAMMER * pgm, AVRPART * p,
			   int op,
			   unsigned char *res)
{
  unsigned char	cmd[4];

  if (p->op[op] == NULL) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "Operation %d not defined for this chip!\n", op );
    return -1;
  }
  memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
  avr_set_bits(p->op[op], cmd);

  return pgm->cmd(pgm, cmd, res);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------

/* Find a device with the correct VID/PID match for USBtiny */

static	int	usbtiny_open(PROGRAMMER* pgm, char* name)
{
  struct usb_bus      *bus;
  struct usb_device   *dev = 0;
  char *bus_name = NULL;
  char *dev_name = NULL;
  int vid, pid;

  // if no -P was given or '-P usb' was given
  if(strcmp(name, "usb") == 0)
    name = NULL;
  else {
    // calculate bus and device names from -P option
    const size_t usb_len = strlen("usb");
    if(strncmp(name, "usb", usb_len) == 0 && ':' == name[usb_len]) {
        bus_name = name + usb_len + 1;
        dev_name = strchr(bus_name, ':');
        if(NULL != dev_name)
          *dev_name++ = '\0';
    }
  }

  usb_init();                    // initialize the libusb system
  usb_find_busses();             // have libusb scan all the usb buses available
  usb_find_devices();            // have libusb scan all the usb devices available

  PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle = NULL;

  if (pgm->usbvid)
    vid = pgm->usbvid;
  else
    vid = USBTINY_VENDOR_DEFAULT;

  LNODEID usbpid = lfirst(pgm->usbpid);
  if (usbpid) {
    pid = *(int *)(ldata(usbpid));
    if (lnext(usbpid))
      avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: Warning: using PID 0x%04x, ignoring remaining PIDs in list\n",
                      progname, pid);
  } else {
    pid = USBTINY_PRODUCT_DEFAULT;
  }
  

  // now we iterate through all the buses and devices
  for ( bus = usb_busses; bus; bus = bus->next ) {
    for	( dev = bus->devices; dev; dev = dev->next ) {
      if (dev->descriptor.idVendor == vid
	  && dev->descriptor.idProduct == pid ) {   // found match?
    avrdude_message(MSG_NOTICE, "%s: usbdev_open(): Found USBtinyISP, bus:device: %s:%s\n",
                      progname, bus->dirname, dev->filename);
    // if -P was given, match device by device name and bus name
    if(name != NULL &&
      (NULL == dev_name ||
       strcmp(bus->dirname, bus_name) ||
       strcmp(dev->filename, dev_name)))
      continue;
	PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle = usb_open(dev);           // attempt to connect to device

	// wrong permissions or something?
	if (!PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle) {
	  avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: Warning: cannot open USB device: %s\n",
		  progname, usb_strerror());
	  continue;
	}
      }
    }
  }

  if(NULL != name && NULL == dev_name) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: Error: Invalid -P value: '%s'\n", progname, name);
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%sUse -P usb:bus:device\n", progbuf);
    return -1;
  }
  if (!PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: Error: Could not find USBtiny device (0x%x/0x%x)\n",
	     progname, vid, pid );
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;                  // If we got here, we must have found a good USB device
}

/* Clean up the handle for the usbtiny */
static	void usbtiny_close ( PROGRAMMER* pgm )
{
  if (! PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle) {
    return;                // not a valid handle, bail!
  }
  usb_close(PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle);   // ask libusb to clean up
  PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle = NULL;
}

/* A simple calculator function determines the maximum size of data we can
   shove through a USB connection without getting errors */
static void usbtiny_set_chunk_size (PROGRAMMER * pgm, int period)
{
  PDATA(pgm)->chunk_size = CHUNK_SIZE;       // start with the maximum (default)
  while	(PDATA(pgm)->chunk_size > 8 && period > 16) {
    // Reduce the chunk size for a slow SCK to reduce
    // the maximum time of a single USB transfer.
    PDATA(pgm)->chunk_size >>= 1;
    period >>= 1;
  }
}

/* Given a SCK bit-clock speed (in useconds) we verify its an OK speed and tell the
   USBtiny to update itself to the new frequency */
static int usbtiny_set_sck_period (PROGRAMMER *pgm, double v)
{
  PDATA(pgm)->sck_period = (int)(v * 1e6 + 0.5);   // convert from us to 'int', the 0.5 is for rounding up

  // Make sure its not 0, as that will confuse the usbtiny
  if (PDATA(pgm)->sck_period < SCK_MIN)
    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period = SCK_MIN;

  // We can't go slower, due to the byte-size of the clock variable
  if  (PDATA(pgm)->sck_period > SCK_MAX)
    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period = SCK_MAX;

  avrdude_message(MSG_NOTICE, "%s: Setting SCK period to %d usec\n", progname,
	    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period );

  // send the command to the usbtiny device.
  // MEME: for at90's fix resetstate?
  if (usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POWERUP, PDATA(pgm)->sck_period, RESET_LOW) < 0)
    return -1;

  // with the new speed, we'll have to update how much data we send per usb transfer
  usbtiny_set_chunk_size(pgm, PDATA(pgm)->sck_period);
  return 0;
}


static int usbtiny_initialize (PROGRAMMER *pgm, AVRPART *p )
{
  unsigned char res[4];        // store the response from usbtinyisp
  int tries;

  // Check for bit-clock and tell the usbtiny to adjust itself
  if (pgm->bitclock > 0.0) {
    // -B option specified: convert to valid range for sck_period
    usbtiny_set_sck_period(pgm, pgm->bitclock);
  } else {
    // -B option not specified: use default
    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period = SCK_DEFAULT;
    avrdude_message(MSG_NOTICE, "%s: Using SCK period of %d usec\n",
	      progname, PDATA(pgm)->sck_period );
    if (usb_control(pgm,  USBTINY_POWERUP,
		    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period, RESET_LOW ) < 0)
      return -1;
    usbtiny_set_chunk_size(pgm, PDATA(pgm)->sck_period);
  }

  // Let the device wake up.
  usleep(50000);

  if (p->flags & AVRPART_HAS_TPI) {
    /* Since there is a single TPIDATA line, MOSI and MISO must be
       linked together through a 1kOhm resistor.  Verify that
       everything we send on MOSI gets mirrored back on MISO.  */
    if (verbose >= 2)
      fprintf(stderr, "doing MOSI-MISO link check\n");

    memset(res, 0xaa, sizeof(res));
    if (usb_in(pgm, USBTINY_SPI, LITTLE_TO_BIG_16(0x1234), LITTLE_TO_BIG_16(0x5678),
	       res, 4, 32 * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period) < 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "usb_in() failed\n");
      return -1;
    }
    if (res[0] != 0x12 || res[1] != 0x34 || res[2] != 0x56 || res[3] != 0x78) {
      fprintf(stderr,
	      "MOSI->MISO check failed (got 0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x)\n"
	      "\tPlease verify that MISO is connected directly to TPIDATA and\n"
	      "\tMOSI is connected to TPIDATA through a 1kOhm resistor.\n",
	      res[0], res[1], res[2], res[3]);
      return -1;
    }

    /* keep TPIDATA high for >= 16 clock cycles: */
    if (usb_in(pgm, USBTINY_SPI, 0xffff, 0xffff, res, 4,
	       32 * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period) < 0)
    {
      fprintf(stderr, "Unable to switch chip into TPI mode\n");
      return -1;
    }
  }

  for (tries = 0; tries < 4; ++tries) {
    if (pgm->program_enable(pgm, p) >= 0)
      break;
    // no response, RESET and try again
    if (usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POWERUP,
		    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period, RESET_HIGH) < 0 ||
	usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POWERUP,
		    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period, RESET_LOW) < 0)
      return -1;
    usleep(50000);
  }
  if (tries >= 4)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

static int usbtiny_setpin(struct programmer_t * pgm, int pinfunc, int value)
{
  /* USBtiny is not a bit bang device, but it can set RESET */
  if(pinfunc == PIN_AVR_RESET) {
    if (usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POWERUP,
                    PDATA(pgm)->sck_period, value ? RESET_HIGH : RESET_LOW) < 0) {
      return -1;
    }
    usleep(50000);
    return 0;
  }
  return -1;
}

/* Tell the USBtiny to release the output pins, etc */
static void usbtiny_powerdown(PROGRAMMER * pgm)
{
  if (!PDATA(pgm)->usb_handle) {
    return;                 // wasn't connected in the first place
  }
  usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POWERDOWN, 0, 0);      // Send USB control command to device
}

/* Send a 4-byte SPI command to the USBtinyISP for execution
   This procedure is used by higher-level Avrdude procedures */
static int usbtiny_cmd(PROGRAMMER * pgm, const unsigned char *cmd, unsigned char *res)
{
  int nbytes;

  // Make sure its empty so we don't read previous calls if it fails
  memset(res, '\0', 4 );

  nbytes = usb_in( pgm, USBTINY_SPI,
		   (cmd[1] << 8) | cmd[0],  // convert to 16-bit words
		   (cmd[3] << 8) | cmd[2],  //  "
			res, 4, 8 * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period );
  if (nbytes < 0)
    return -1;
  check_retries(pgm, "SPI command");
  // print out the data we sent and received
  avrdude_message(MSG_NOTICE2, "CMD: [%02x %02x %02x %02x] [%02x %02x %02x %02x]\n",
	    cmd[0], cmd[1], cmd[2], cmd[3],
	    res[0], res[1], res[2], res[3] );
  return ((nbytes == 4) &&      // should have read 4 bytes
	  res[2] == cmd[1]);              // AVR's do a delayed-echo thing
}

int usbtiny_cmd_tpi(PROGRAMMER * pgm, const unsigned char *cmd,
			int cmd_len, unsigned char *res, int res_len)
{
  unsigned char b0, b1;
  int tx, rx, r;

  /* Transmits command two bytes at the time until we're down to 0 or
     1 command byte. Then we're either done or we transmit the final
     byte optionally followed by reading 1 byte. With the current TPI
     protocol, we never receive more than one byte. */
  for (tx = rx = 0; tx < cmd_len; ) {
    b0 = cmd[tx++];
    if (tx < cmd_len) {
      b1 = cmd[tx++];
      if (usbtiny_tpi_txtx(pgm, b0, b1) < 0)
	return -1;
    } else {
      if (res_len > 0) {
	if ((r = usbtiny_tpi_txrx(pgm, b0)) < 0)
	  return -1;
	res[rx++] = r;
      } else {
	if (usbtiny_tpi_tx(pgm, b0) < 0)
	  return -1;
      }
    }
  }

  if (rx < res_len) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: unexpected cmd_len=%d/res_len=%d\n",
	    __func__, cmd_len, res_len);
    return -1;
  }
  return 0;
}

static int usbtiny_spi(struct programmer_t * pgm, const unsigned char *cmd, unsigned char *res, int count)
{
  int i;

  // Clear the receive buffer so we don't read old data in case of failure
  memset(res, 0, count);

  if (count % 4) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "Direct SPI write must be a multiple of 4 bytes for %s\n",
            pgm->type);
    return -1;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < count; i += 4) {
    if (usbtiny_cmd(pgm, cmd + i, res + i) < 0) {
      return -1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/* Send the chip-erase command */
static int usbtiny_chip_erase(PROGRAMMER * pgm, AVRPART * p)
{
  unsigned char res[4];

  if (p->flags & AVRPART_HAS_TPI)
    return avr_tpi_chip_erase(pgm, p);

  if (p->op[AVR_OP_CHIP_ERASE] == NULL) {
    avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "Chip erase instruction not defined for part \"%s\"\n",
            p->desc);
    return -1;
  }

  // get the command for erasing this chip and transmit to avrdude
  if (! usbtiny_avr_op( pgm, p, AVR_OP_CHIP_ERASE, res )) {
    return -1;
  }
  usleep( p->chip_erase_delay );

  // prepare for further instruction
  pgm->initialize(pgm, p);

  return 0;
}

// These are required functions but don't actually do anything
static	void	usbtiny_enable ( PROGRAMMER* pgm ) {}

static void usbtiny_disable ( PROGRAMMER* pgm ) {}


/* To speed up programming and reading, we do a 'chunked' read.
 *  We request just the data itself and the USBtiny uses the SPI function
 *  given to read in the data. Much faster than sending a 4-byte SPI request
 *  per byte
*/
static int usbtiny_paged_load (PROGRAMMER * pgm, AVRPART * p, AVRMEM* m,
                               unsigned int page_size,
                               unsigned int addr, unsigned int n_bytes)
{
  unsigned int maxaddr = addr + n_bytes;
  int chunk, function;
  OPCODE *lext, *readop;
  unsigned char cmd[8];

  // First determine what we're doing
  function = strcmp(m->desc, "eeprom")==0?
    USBTINY_EEPROM_READ: USBTINY_FLASH_READ;

  // paged_load() only called for pages, so OK to set ext addr once at start
  if((lext = m->op[AVR_OP_LOAD_EXT_ADDR])) {
    memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
    avr_set_bits(lext, cmd);
    avr_set_addr(lext, cmd, addr/2);
    if(pgm->cmd(pgm, cmd, cmd+4) < 0)
      return -1;
  }

  // Byte acces as work around to correctly read flash above 64 kiB
  if(function == USBTINY_FLASH_READ && addr >= 0x10000) {
    for(unsigned int i=0; i<n_bytes; i++, addr++) {
      if(!(readop = m->op[addr&1? AVR_OP_READ_HI: AVR_OP_READ_LO]))
        return -1;

      memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
      avr_set_bits(readop, cmd);
      avr_set_addr(readop, cmd, addr/2);
      if(pgm->cmd(pgm, cmd, cmd+4) < 0)
        return -1;
      m->buf[addr] = 0;
      avr_get_output(readop, cmd+4, m->buf + addr);
    }

    return n_bytes;
  }

  for (; addr < maxaddr; addr += chunk) {
    chunk = PDATA(pgm)->chunk_size;         // start with the maximum chunk size possible
    if (addr + chunk > maxaddr) {
        chunk = maxaddr - addr;
    }

    // Send the chunk of data to the USBtiny with the function we want
    // to perform
    if (usb_in(pgm,
	       function,          // EEPROM or flash
	       0,                 // delay between SPI commands
	       addr,              // address in memory
	       m->buf + addr,     // pointer to where we store data
	       chunk,             // number of bytes
	       32 * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period)  // each byte gets turned into a 4-byte SPI cmd
	< 0) {
                              // usb_in() multiplies this per byte.
      return -1;
    }
  }

  check_retries(pgm, "read");
  return n_bytes;
}

/* To speed up programming and reading, we do a 'chunked' write.
 *  We send just the data itself and the USBtiny uses the SPI function
 *  given to write the data. Much faster than sending a 4-byte SPI request
 *  per byte.
*/
static int usbtiny_paged_write(PROGRAMMER * pgm, AVRPART * p, AVRMEM * m,
                               unsigned int page_size,
                               unsigned int addr, unsigned int n_bytes)
{
  unsigned int maxaddr = addr + n_bytes;
  int chunk;        // Size of data to write at once
  int next;
  int function;     // which SPI command to use
  int delay;        // delay required between SPI commands

  // First determine what we're doing
  if (strcmp( m->desc, "flash" ) == 0) {
    function = USBTINY_FLASH_WRITE;
  } else {
    function = USBTINY_EEPROM_WRITE;
  }

  delay = 0;
  if (! m->paged) {
    unsigned int poll_value;
    // Does this chip not support paged writes?
    poll_value = (m->readback[1] << 8) | m->readback[0];
    if (usb_control(pgm, USBTINY_POLL_BYTES, poll_value, 0 ) < 0)
      return -1;
    delay = m->max_write_delay;
  }

  for (; addr < maxaddr; addr += chunk) {
    // start with the max chunk size
    chunk = PDATA(pgm)->chunk_size;
    if (addr + chunk > maxaddr) {
        chunk = maxaddr - addr;
    }

    // we can only write a page at a time anyways
    if (m->paged && chunk > page_size)
      chunk = page_size;

    if (usb_out(pgm,
		function,       // Flash or EEPROM
		delay,          // How much to wait between each byte
		addr,           // Address in memory
		m->buf + addr,  // Pointer to data
		chunk,          // Number of bytes to write
		32 * PDATA(pgm)->sck_period + delay  // each byte gets turned into a
	                             // 4-byte SPI cmd usb_out() multiplies
	                             // this per byte. Then add the cmd-delay
		) < 0) {
      return -1;
    }

    next = addr + chunk;       // Calculate what address we're at now
    if (m->paged
	&& ((next % page_size) == 0 || next == maxaddr) ) {
      // If we're at a page boundary, send the SPI command to flush it.
      avr_write_page(pgm, p, m, (unsigned long) addr);
    }
  }
  return n_bytes;
}

static int usbtiny_program_enable(PROGRAMMER *pgm, AVRPART *p)
{
  unsigned char buf[4];

  if (p->flags & AVRPART_HAS_TPI)
    return avr_tpi_program_enable(pgm, p, TPIPCR_GT_0b);
  else
    return usbtiny_avr_op(pgm, p, AVR_OP_PGM_ENABLE, buf);
}

void usbtiny_initpgm ( PROGRAMMER* pgm )
{
  strcpy(pgm->type, "USBtiny");

  /* Mandatory Functions */
  pgm->initialize	= usbtiny_initialize;
  pgm->enable	        = usbtiny_enable;
  pgm->disable	        = usbtiny_disable;
  pgm->program_enable	= usbtiny_program_enable;
  pgm->chip_erase	= usbtiny_chip_erase;
  pgm->cmd		= usbtiny_cmd;
  pgm->cmd_tpi		= usbtiny_cmd_tpi;
  pgm->open		= usbtiny_open;
  pgm->close		= usbtiny_close;
  pgm->read_byte        = avr_read_byte_default;
  pgm->write_byte       = avr_write_byte_default;

  /* Optional Functions */
  pgm->powerup	        = NULL;
  pgm->powerdown	= usbtiny_powerdown;
  pgm->paged_load	= usbtiny_paged_load;
  pgm->paged_write	= usbtiny_paged_write;
  pgm->set_sck_period	= usbtiny_set_sck_period;
  pgm->setup            = usbtiny_setup;
  pgm->teardown         = usbtiny_teardown;
  pgm->setpin           = usbtiny_setpin;
  pgm->spi              = usbtiny_spi;
}

#else  /* !HAVE_LIBUSB */

// Give a proper error if we were not compiled with libusb

static int usbtiny_nousb_open(struct programmer_t *pgm, char * name)
{
  avrdude_message(MSG_INFO, "%s: error: no usb support. Please compile again with libusb installed.\n",
	  progname);

  return -1;
}

void usbtiny_initpgm(PROGRAMMER * pgm)
{
  strcpy(pgm->type, "usbtiny");

  pgm->open = usbtiny_nousb_open;
}

#endif /* HAVE_LIBUSB */

const char usbtiny_desc[] = "Driver for \"usbtiny\"-type programmers";