avrdude/doc/avrdude.texi

%% -*-texinfo-*-
\input texinfo

@c $Id$

@setfilename avrdude.info
@settitle AVRDUDE

@include version.texi

@c
@c These are set in version.texi which is automatically generated by automake.
@c
@c @set UPDATED 26 Febuary 2003
@c @set EDITION 3.2.0
@c @set VERSION 3.2.0

@c This is a dir.info fragment to support semi-automated addition of
@c manuals to an info tree.
@dircategory AVR Programming & development tools.
@direntry
* AvrDude: (avrdude).            AVR program downloader/uploader.
@end direntry

@ifinfo
This file documents the avrdude program.

For avrdude version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}.

Copyright @copyright{} 2003 Brian Dean

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@end ifinfo

@titlepage
@title AVRDUDE
@subtitle A program for download/uploading AVR microcontroller flash and eeprom.
@subtitle For AVRDUDE, Version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}.
@author by Brian S. Dean

@page
@hfill (Send bugs and comments on AVRDUDE to @w{@email{avrdude-dev@@nongnu.org}}.)

@vfill

Copyright @copyright{} 2003 Brian S. Dean
@sp 2

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@end titlepage

@contents

@c
@c Top Node
@c
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up

@ifinfo
This file documents the avrdude program for downloading/uploading
programs to Atmel AVR microcontrollers.

For avrdude version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}.
@end ifinfo

@menu
* Introduction::                
* Command Line Options::        
* Terminal Mode Operation::     
* Configuration File::          
* Platform Dependent Information::  
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Introduction, Command Line Options, Top, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Introduction
@cindex introduction

AVRDUDE - AVR Downloader Uploader - is a program for downloading and
uploading the on-chip memories of Atmel's AVR microcontrollers. It can
program the Flash and EEPROM, and where supported by the serial
programming protocol, it can program fuse and lock bits. AVRDUDE also
supplies a direct instruction mode allowing one to issue any programming
instruction to the AVR chip regardless of whether AVRDUDE implements
that specific feature of a particular chip.

AVRDUDE can be used effectively via the command line to read or write
all chip memory types (eeprom, flash, fuse bits, lock bits, signature
bytes) or via an interactive (terminal) mode. Using AVRDUDE from the
command line works well for programming the entire memory of the chip
from the contents of a file, while interactive mode is useful for
exploring memory contents, modifing individual bytes of eeprom,
programming fuse/lock bits, etc.

AVRDUDE supports three basic programmer types: Atmel's STK500, appnote
avr910 and the PPI (parallel port interface). PPI represents a class
of simple programmers where the programming lines are directly
connected to the PC parallel port. Several pin configurations exist
for several variations of the PPI programmers, and AVRDUDE can be be
configured to work with them by either specifying the appropriate
programmer on the command line or by creating a new entry in its
configuration file. All that's usually required for a new entry is to
tell AVRDUDE which pins to use for each programming function. 

The STK500 and avr910 use the serial port to communicate with the PC
and contains on-board logic to control the programming of the target
device. The fundamental difference between the two types lies in the
protocol used to control the programmer. The av910 protocol is very
simplistic and can easily be used as the basis for a simple, home made
programer since the firmware is available online. On the other hand,
the STK500 protocol is more robust and complicated and the firmware is
not openly available.

@menu
* History::                     
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node History,  , Introduction, Introduction
@section History

AVRDUDE was written by Brian S. Dean under the name of AVRPROG to run on
the FreeBSD Operating System.  Brian renamed the software to be called
AVRDUDE when interest grew in a Windows port of the software so that the
name did not conflict with AVRPROG.EXE which is the name of Atmel's
Windows programming software.

The AVRDUDE source now resides in the public CVS repository on
savannah.gnu.org (@url{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/avrdude/}),
where it continues to be enhanced and ported to other systems.  In
addition to FreeBSD, AVRDUDE now runs on Linux and Windows.  The
developers behind the porting effort primarily were Ted Roth, Eric
Weddington, and Joerg Wunsch.

And in the spirit of many open source projects, this manual also draws
on the work of others.  The initial revision was composed of parts of
the original Unix manual page written by Joerg Wunsch, the original web
site documentation by Brian Dean, and from the comments describing the
fields in the AVRDUDE configuration file by Brian Dean.  The texi
formatting was modeled after that of the Simulavr documentation by Ted
Roth.


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Command Line Options, Terminal Mode Operation, Introduction, Top
@chapter Command Line Options
@cindex options

@menu
* Option Descriptions::         
* Example Command Line Invocations::  
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Option Descriptions, Example Command Line Invocations, Command Line Options, Command Line Options
@section Option Descriptions

@noindent
AVRDUDE is a command line tool, used as follows:

@example
avrdude -p partno @var{options} @dots{}
@end example

@noindent
Command line options are used to control AVRDUDE's behaviour.  The
following options are recognized:

@table @code
@item -p @var{partno}
This is the only mandatory option and it tells AVRDUDE what type of part
(MCU) that is connected to the programmer.  The @var{partno} parameter
is the part's id listed in the configuration file.  Specify -p ? to list 
all parts in the configuration file.  If a part is unknown
to AVRDUDE, it means that there is no config file entry for that part,
but it can be added to the configuration file if you have the Atmel
datasheet so that you can enter the programming specifications.
Currently, the following MCU types are understood:

@table @code
@itemx t15
ATtiny15

@itemx 1200
AT90S1200

@itemx 2313
AT90S2313

@itemx 2333
AT90S2333

@itemx 2343
AT90S2343 (*)

@itemx 4414
AT90S4414

@itemx 4433
AT90S4433

@itemx 4434
AT90S4434

@itemx 8515
AT90S8515

@itemx 8535
AT90S8535

@itemx m163
ATMEGA163

@itemx m169
ATMEGA169

@itemx m128
ATMEGA128

@itemx m103
ATMEGA103

@itemx m16
ATMEGA16

@itemx m8
ATMEGA8

@end table

(*)   The AT90S2323 uses the same algorithm.

@item -c @var{programmer-id}
Specify the programmer to be used.  AVRDUDE knows about several common
programmers.  Use this option to specify which one to use.  The
@var{programmer-id} parameter is the programmer's id listed in the
configuration file.  Specify -c ? to list all programmers in the 
configuration file.  If you have a programmer that is unknown to
AVRDUDE, and the programmer is controlled via the PC parallel port,
there's a good chance that it can be easily added to the configuration
file without any code changes to AVRDUDE.  Simply copy an existing entry
and change the pin definitions to match that of the unknown programmer.

@item -C @var{config-file}
Use the specified config file for configuration data.  This file
contains all programmer and part definitions that AVRDUDE knows about.
If you have a programmer or part that AVRDUDE does not know about, you
can add it to the config file (be sure and submit a patch back to the
author so that it can be incorporated for the next version).  If not
specified, AVRDUDE reads the configuration file from
/usr/local/etc/avrdude.conf (FreeBSD and Linux). See Appendix A for
the method of searching for the configuration file for Windows.

@item -e
Causes a chip erase to be executed.  This will reset the contents of the
flash ROM and EEPROM to the value `0xff', and is basically a
prerequisite command before the flash ROM can be reprogrammed again.
The only exception would be if the new contents would exclusively cause
bits to be programmed from the value `1' to `0'.  Note that in order
to reprogram EERPOM cells, no explicit prior chip erase is required
since the MCU provides an auto-erase cycle in that case before
programming the cell.


@item -E @var{exitspec}[,@dots{}]
By default, AVRDUDE leaves the parallel port in the same state at exit
as it has been found at startup.  This option modifies the state of the
`/RESET' and `Vcc' lines the parallel port is left at, according to
the exitspec arguments provided, as follows:

@table @code
@itemx reset
The `/RESET' signal will be left activated at program exit, that is it
will be held low, in order to keep the MCU in reset state afterwards.
Note in particular that the programming algorithm for the AT90S1200
device mandates that the `/RESET' signal is active before powering up
the MCU, so in case an external power supply is used for this MCU type,
a previous invocation of AVRDUDE with this option specified is one of
the possible ways to guarantee this condition.

@itemx noreset
The `/RESET' line will be deactivated at program exit, thus allowing the
MCU target program to run while the programming hardware remains
connected.

@itemx vcc 
This option will leave those parallel port pins active (i. e. high) that
can be used to supply `Vcc' power to the MCU.

@itemx novcc
This option will pull the `Vcc' pins of the parallel port down at
program exit.

@end table

Multiple @var{exitspec} arguments can be separated with commas.



@item -f @var{format}
This option specifies the file format for the input or output files to
be processed.  Format can be one of:

@table @code
@itemx i
Intel Hex

@itemx s
Motorola S-record

@itemx r
raw binary; little-endian byte order, in the case of the flash ROM data

@itemx a
auto detect; valid for input only, and only if the input is not provided
at stdin.

@end table

The default is to use auto detection for input files, and raw binary
format for output files.

@item -F
Normally, AVRDUDE tries to verify that the device signature read from
the part is reasonable before continuing.  Since it can happen from time
to time that a device has a broken (erased or overwritten) device
signature but is otherwise operating normally, this options is provided
to override the check.

@item -i @var{filename}
Specifies the input file to be programmed into the MCU.  Can be
specified as `-' to use stdin as the input.

@item -m @var{memtype}
Specifies which program area of the MCU to read or write; allowable
values depend on the MCU being programmed, but most support at least
@code{eeprom} for the EEPROM, and @code{flash} for the flash ROM.  Use
the @option{-v} option on the command line or the @code{part} command from
terminal mode to display all the memory types supported by a particular
device.  The default is @code{flash}.

@item -n
No-write - disables actually writing data to the MCU (useful for
debugging AVRDUDE).

@item -o @var{filename}
Specifies the name of the output file to write, and causes the
respective memory area to be read from the MCU.  Can be specified as `-'
to write to stdout.

@item -P @var{port}
Use port to identify the device to which the programmer is attached.  By
default the @code{/dev/ppi0} port is used, but if the programmer type
normally connects to the serial port, the @code{/dev/cuaa0} port is the
default.  If you need to use a different parallel or serial port, use
this option to specify the alternate port name.

@item -q
Disable (or quell) output of the progress bar while reading or writing
to the device.

@item -t
Tells AVRDUDE to enter the interactive ``terminal'' mode instead of up-
or downloading files.  See below for a detailed description of the
terminal mode.

@item -U @var{memtype}:@var{op}:@var{filename}[:@var{format}]
Perform a memory operation, equivalent to specifing the @option{-m},
@option{-i} or @option{-o}, and @option{-f} options, except that
multiple @option{-U} optins can be specified in order to operate on
mulitple memories on the same command-line invocation.  The
@var{memtype} field specifies the memory type to operate on.  The
@var{op} field specifies what operation to perform:

@table @code
@itemx r
read the specified device memory and write to the specified file

@itemx w
read the specified file and write it to the specified device memory

@itemx v
read the specified device memory and the specified file and perform a verify operation

@end table

The @var{filename} field indicates the name of the file to read or
write.  The @var{format} field is optional and contains the format of
the file to read or write.  See the @option{-f} option for possible
values.

@item -v
Enable verbose output.

@item -V
Disable automatic verify check when uploading data.

@item -y
Tells AVRDUDE to use the last four bytes of the connected parts' EEPROM
memory to track the number of times the device has been erased.  When
this option is used and the @option{-e} flag is specified to generate a
chip erase, the previous counter will be saved before the chip erase, it
is then incremented, and written back after the erase cycle completes.
Presumably, the device would only be erased just before being
programmed, and thus, this can be utilized to give an indication of how
many erase-rewrite cycles the part has undergone.  Since the FLASH
memory can only endure a finite number of erase-rewrite cycles, one can
use this option to track when a part is nearing the limit.  The typical
limit for Atmel AVR FLASH is 1000 cycles.  Of course, if the
application needs the last four bytes of EEPROM memory, this option
should not be used.

@item -Y @var{cycles}
Instructs AVRDUDE to initialize the erase-rewrite cycle counter residing
at the last four bytes of EEPROM memory to the specified value.  If the
application needs the last four bytes of EEPROM memory, this option
should not be used.

@end table

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Example Command Line Invocations,  , Option Descriptions, Command Line Options
@section Example Command Line Invocations

@noindent
Download the file @code{m128diag.hex} to the ATmega128 chip using the
STK500 programmer connected to the default serial port:

@example
@cartouche
% avrdude -p m128 -e -U flash:w:diag.hex 

avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.03s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9702
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: done.
avrdude: performing op: 1, flash, 0, diag.hex
avrdude: reading input file "diag.hex"
avrdude: input file diag.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (19278 bytes):

Writing | ################################################## | 100% 7.60s

avrdude: 19456 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against diag.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file diag.hex:
avrdude: input file diag.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file diag.hex contains 19278 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 6.83s

avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 19278 bytes of flash verified

avrdude done.  Thank you.

%
@end cartouche
@end example

@noindent
Upload the flash memory from the ATmega128 connected to the STK500
programmer and save it in raw binary format in the file named
@code{m128diag.flash}:

@example
@cartouche
% avrdude -p m128 -e -U flash:r:diag.flash:r 

avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.03s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9702
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: done.
avrdude: reading flash memory:

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 46.10s

avrdude: writing output file "diag.flash"

avrdude done.  Thank you.

% 
@end cartouche
@end example


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Terminal Mode Operation, Configuration File, Command Line Options, Top
@chapter Terminal Mode Operation

AVRDUDE has an interactive mode called @var{terminal mode} that is
enabled by the @option{-t} option.  This mode allows one to enter
interactive commands to display and modify the various device memories,
perform a chip erase, display the device signature bytes and part
parameters, and to send raw programming commands.  Commands and
parameters may be abbreviated to their shortest unambiguous form.
Terminal mode also supports a command history so that previously entered
commands can be recalled and edited.

@menu
* Terminal Mode Commands::      
* Terminal Mode Examples::      
@end menu

@node Terminal Mode Commands, Terminal Mode Examples, Terminal Mode Operation, Terminal Mode Operation
@section Terminal Mode Commands

@noindent
The following commands are implemented:

@table @code

@item dump @var{memtype} @var{addr} @var{nbytes}
Read @var{nbytes} from the specified memory area, and display them in
the usual hexadecimal and ASCII form.

@item dump
Continue dumping the memory contents for another @var{nbytes} where the
previous dump command left off.

@item write @var{memtype} @var{addr} @var{byte1} @dots{} @var{byteN}
Manually program the respective memory cells, starting at address addr,
using the values @var{byte1} through @var{byteN}.  This feature is not
implemented for bank-addressed memories such as the flash memory of
ATMega devices.

@item erase
Perform a chip erase.

@item send @var{b1} @var{b2} @var{b3} @var{b4}
Send raw instruction codes to the AVR device.  If you need access to a
feature of an AVR part that is not directly supported by AVRDUDE, this
command allows you to use it, even though AVRDUDE does not implement the
command.

@item sig
Display the device signature bytes.

@item part
Display the current part settings.

@item ?
@itemx help
Give a short on-line summary of the available commands.

@item quit
Leave terminal mode and thus AVRDUDE.

@end table

@noindent
In addition, the following commands are supported on the STK500
programmer:

@table @code

@item vtarg @var{voltage}
Set the target's supply voltage to @var{voltage} Volts.

@item varef @var{voltage}
Set the adjustable voltage source to @var{voltage} Volts.
This voltage is normally used to drive the target's
@emph{Aref} input on the STK500.

@item fosc @var{freq}[@var{M}|@var{k}]
Set the master oscillator to @var{freq} Hz.
An optional trailing letter @var{M}
multiplies by 1E6, a trailing letter @var{k} by 1E3.

@item fosc off
Turn the master oscillator off.

@item parms
Display the current voltage and master oscillator parameters.

@end table

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Terminal Mode Examples,  , Terminal Mode Commands, Terminal Mode Operation
@section Terminal Mode Examples

@noindent
Display part parameters, modify eeprom cells, perform a chip erase:

@example
@cartouche
% avrdude -p m128 -c stk500 -t

avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9702
avrdude: current erase-rewrite cycle count is 52 (if being tracked)
avrdude> part
>>> part 

AVR Part              : ATMEGA128
Chip Erase delay      : 9000 us
PAGEL                 : PD7
BS2                   : PA0
RESET disposition     : dedicated
RETRY pulse           : SCK
serial program mode   : yes
parallel program mode : yes
Memory Detail         :

                            Page                       Polled
  Memory Type Paged  Size   Size #Pages MinW  MaxW   ReadBack
  ----------- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
  eeprom      no       4096    8     0  9000  9000 0xff 0xff
  flash       yes    131072  256   512  4500  9000 0xff 0x00
  lfuse       no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
  hfuse       no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
  efuse       no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
  lock        no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
  calibration no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
  signature   no          3    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00

avrdude> dump eeprom 0 16
>>> dump eeprom 0 16 
0000  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|

avrdude> write eeprom 0 1 2 3 4
>>> write eeprom 0 1 2 3 4 

avrdude> dump eeprom 0 16
>>> dump eeprom 0 16 
0000  01 02 03 04 ff ff ff ff  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|

avrdude> erase
>>> erase 
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude> dump eeprom 0 16
>>> dump eeprom 0 16 
0000  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|

avrdude> 
@end cartouche
@end example


@noindent
Program the fuse bits of an ATmega128 (disable M103 compatibility,
enable high speed external crystal, enable brown-out detection).  First
display the factory defaults, then reprogram:

@example
@cartouche
% avrdude -p m128 -c stk500 -t

avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9702
avrdude: current erase-rewrite cycle count is 52 (if being tracked)
avrdude> d efuse
>>> d efuse 
0000  fd                                                |.               |

avrdude> d hfuse
>>> d hfuse 
0000  99                                                |.               |

avrdude> d lfuse
>>> d lfuse 
0000  e1                                                |.               |

avrdude> w efuse 0 0xff
>>> w efuse 0 0xff 

avrdude> w hfuse 0 0x89
>>> w hfuse 0 0x89 

avrdude> w lfuse 0 0x2e
>>> w lfuse 0 0x2e 

avrdude> 
@end cartouche
@end example


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Configuration File, Platform Dependent Information, Terminal Mode Operation, Top
@chapter Configuration File

@noindent
AVRDUDE reads a configuration file upon startup which describes all of
the parts and programmers that it knows about.  The advantage of this is
that if you have a chip that is not currently supported by AVRDUDE, you
can add it to the configuration file without waiting for a new release
of AVRDUDE.  Likewise, if you have a parallel port programmer that is
not supported by AVRDUDE, chances are good that you can copy and
existing programmer definition, and with only a few changes, make your
programmer work with AVRDUDE.

AVRDUDE first looks for a system wide configuration file in a platform
dependent location.  On Unix, this is usually
@code{/usr/local/etc/avrdude.conf}, while on Windows it is usally in the
same location as the executable file.  The name of this file can be
changed using the @option{-C} command line option.  After the system wide
configuration file is parsed, AVRDUDE looks for a per-user configuration
file to augment or override the system wide defaults.  On Unix, the
per-user file is @code{.avrduderc} within the user's home directory.  On
Windows, this file is the @code{avrdude.rc} file located in the same
directory as the executable.

@menu
* AVRDUDE Defaults::            
* Programmer Definitions::      
* Part Definitions::            
* Other Notes::                 
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node AVRDUDE Defaults, Programmer Definitions, Configuration File, Configuration File
@section AVRDUDE Defaults

@table @code

@item default_parallel = "@var{default-parallel-device}";
Assign the default parallel port device.  Can be overidden using the
@option{-P} option.

@item default_serial = "@var{default-serial-device}";
Assign the default serial port device.  Can be overidden using the
@option{-P} option.

@item default_programmer = "@var{default-programmer-id}";
Assign the default programmer id.  Can be overidden using the @option{-c}
option.

@end table


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Programmer Definitions, Part Definitions, AVRDUDE Defaults, Configuration File
@section Programmer Definitions

@noindent
The format of the programmer definition is as follows:

@example
programmer
    id     = <id1> [, <id2> [, <id3>] ...] ;  # <idN> are quoted strings
    desc   = <description> ;                  # quoted string
    type   = par | stk500 ;                   # programmer type
    vcc    = <num1> [, <num2> ... ] ;         # pin number(s)
    reset  = <num> ;                          # pin number
    sck    = <num> ;                          # pin number
    mosi   = <num> ;                          # pin number
    miso   = <num> ;                          # pin number
    errled = <num> ;                          # pin number
    rdyled = <num> ;                          # pin number
    pgmled = <num> ;                          # pin number
    vfyled = <num> ;                          # pin number
  ;
@end example


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Part Definitions, Other Notes, Programmer Definitions, Configuration File
@section Part Definitions

@example
part
    id               = <id> ;                 # quoted string
    desc             = <description> ;        # quoted string
    devicecode       = <num> ;                # numeric
    chip_erase_delay = <num> ;                # micro-seconds
    pagel            = <num> ;                # pin name in hex, i.e., 0xD7
    bs2              = <num> ;                # pin name in hex, i.e., 0xA0
    reset            = dedicated | io;
    retry_pulse      = reset | sck;
    pgm_enable       = <instruction format> ;
    chip_erase       = <instruction format> ;
    memory <memtype>
        paged           = <yes/no> ;          # yes / no
        size            = <num> ;             # bytes
        page_size       = <num> ;             # bytes
        num_pages       = <num> ;             # numeric
        min_write_delay = <num> ;             # micro-seconds
        max_write_delay = <num> ;             # micro-seconds
        readback_p1     = <num> ;             # byte value
        readback_p2     = <num> ;             # byte value
        pwroff_after_write = <yes/no> ;       # yes / no
        read            = <instruction format> ;
        write           = <instruction format> ;
        read_lo         = <instruction format> ;
        read_hi         = <instruction format> ;
        write_lo        = <instruction format> ;
        write_hi        = <instruction format> ;
        loadpage_lo     = <instruction format> ;
        loadpage_hi     = <instruction format> ;
        writepage       = <instruction format> ;
      ;
  ;
@end example

@menu
* Instruction Format::          
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Instruction Format,  , Part Definitions, Part Definitions
@subsection Instruction Format

@noindent
Instruction formats are specified as a comma seperated list of string
values containing information (bit specifiers) about each of the 32 bits
of the instruction.  Bit specifiers may be one of the following formats:

@table @code

@item 1
The bit is always set on input as well as output

@item 0
the bit is always clear on input as well as output

@item x
the bit is ignored on input and output

@item a
the bit is an address bit, the bit-number matches this bit specifier's
position within the current instruction byte

@item a@var{N}
the bit is the @var{N}th address bit, bit-number = N, i.e., @code{a12}
is address bit 12 on input, @code{a0} is address bit 0.

@item i
the bit is an input data bit

@item o
the bit is an output data bit

@end table

Each instruction must be composed of 32 bit specifiers.  The instruction
specification closely follows the instruction data provided in Atmel's
data sheets for their parts.  For example, the EEPROM read and write
instruction for an AT90S2313 AVR part could be encoded as:

@example

read  = "1  0  1  0   0  0  0  0   x x x x  x x x x", 
        "x a6 a5 a4  a3 a2 a1 a0   o o o o  o o o o";

write = "1  1  0  0   0  0  0  0   x x x x  x x x x",
        "x a6 a5 a4  a3 a2 a1 a0   i i i i  i i i i";

@end example



@c
@c Node
@c
@node Other Notes,  , Part Definitions, Configuration File
@section Other Notes


@itemize @bullet
@item
The @code{devicecode} parameter is the device code used by the STK500
and are obtained from the software section (@code{avr061.zip} of
Atmel's AVR061 application note available from
@url{http://www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc2525.pdf}.

@item
Not all memory types will implement all instructions.

@item
AVR Fuse bits and Lock bits are implemented as a type of memory.

@item
Example memory types are: @code{flash}, @code{eeprom}, @code{fuse},
@code{lfuse} (low fuse), @code{hfuse} (high fuse), @code{efuse}
(extended fuse), @code{signature}, @code{calibration}, @code{lock}.

@item
The memory type specified on the AVRDUDE command line must match one of
the memory types defined for the specified chip.

@item
The @code{pwroff_after_write} flag causes AVRDUDE to attempt to power
the device off and back on after an unsuccessful write to the affected
memory area if VCC programmer pins are defined.  If VCC pins are not
defined for the programmer, a message indicating that the device needs a
power-cycle is printed out.  This flag was added to work around a
problem with the at90s4433/2333's; see the at90s4433 errata at:

         @url{http://www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc1280.pdf}

@end itemize


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Platform Dependent Information,  , Configuration File, Top
@appendix Platform Dependent Information

@menu
* Unix::                        
* Windows::                     
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Unix, Windows, Platform Dependent Information, Platform Dependent Information
@section Unix

@menu
* Unix Installation::           
* Unix Configuration Files::    
* Unix Port Names::             
* Unix Documentation::          
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Unix Installation, Unix Configuration Files, Unix, Unix
@subsection Unix Installation

@noindent
To build and install from the source tarball on Unix like systems:

@example
$ gunzip -c avrdude-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz | tar xf -
$ cd avrdude-@value{VERSION}
$ ./configure
$ make
$ su root -c 'make install'
@end example

The default location of the install is into @code{/usr/local} so you
will need to be sure that @code{/usr/local/bin} is in your @code{PATH}
environment variable.

If you do not have root access to your system, you can do the the
following instead:

@example
$ gunzip -c avrdude-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz | tar xf -
$ cd avrdude-@value{VERSION}
$ ./configure --prefix=$HOME/local
$ make
$ make install
@end example

@menu
* FreeBSD Installation::        
* Linux Installation::          
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node FreeBSD Installation, Linux Installation, Unix Installation, Unix Installation
@subsubsection FreeBSD Installation

@noindent
AVRDUDE is installed via the FreeBSD Ports Tree as follows:

@example
% su - root
# cd /usr/ports/devel/avrdude
# make install
@end example

If you wish to install from a pre-built package instead of the source,
you can use the following instead:

@example
% su - root
# pkg_add -r avrdude
@end example

Of course, you must be connected to the Internet for these methods to
work, since that is where the source as well as the pre-built package is
obtained.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Linux Installation,  , FreeBSD Installation, Unix Installation
@subsubsection Linux Installation

@noindent
On rpm based linux systems (such as RedHat, SUSE, Mandrake, etc), you
can build and install the rpm binaries directly from the tarball:

@example
$ su - root
# rpmbuild -tb avrdude-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz
# rpm -Uvh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/avrdude-@value{VERSION}-1.i386.rpm
@end example

Note that the path to the resulting rpm package, differs from system
to system. The above example is specific to RedHat.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Unix Configuration Files, Unix Port Names, Unix Installation, Unix
@subsection Unix Configuration Files

@noindent
When AVRDUDE is build using the default @option{--prefix} configure
option, the default configuration file for a Unix system is located at
@code{/usr/local/etc/avrdude.conf}.  This can be overridden by using the
@option{-C} command line option.  Additionally, the user's home directory
is searched for a file named @code{.avrduderc}, and if found, is used to
augment the system default configuration file.

@menu
* FreeBSD Configuration Files::  
* Linux Configuration Files::   
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node FreeBSD Configuration Files, Linux Configuration Files, Unix Configuration Files, Unix Configuration Files
@subsubsection FreeBSD Configuration Files

@noindent
When AVRDUDE is installed using the FreeBSD ports system, the system
configuration file is always @code{/usr/local/etc/avrdude.conf}.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Linux Configuration Files,  , FreeBSD Configuration Files, Unix Configuration Files
@subsubsection Linux Configuration Files

@noindent
When AVRDUDE is installed using from an rpm package, the system
configuration file will be always be @code{/etc/avrdude.conf}.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Unix Port Names, Unix Documentation, Unix Configuration Files, Unix
@subsection Unix Port Names

@noindent
The parallel and serial port device file names are system specific.
The following table lists the default names for a given system.

@multitable @columnfractions .30 .30 .30
@item @strong{System}
  @tab @strong{Default Parallel Port}
  @tab @strong{Default Serial Port}
@item FreeBSD
  @tab @code{/dev/ppi0}
  @tab @code{/dev/cuaa0}
@item Linux
  @tab @code{/dev/parport0}
  @tab @code{/dev/ttyS0}
@end multitable

On FreeBSD systems, AVRDUDE uses the ppi(4) interface for
accessing the parallel port and the sio(4) driver for serial port
access.

On Linux systems, AVRDUDE uses the ppdev interface for
accessing the parallel port and the tty driver for serial port
access.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Unix Documentation,  , Unix Port Names, Unix
@subsection Unix Documentation

@noindent
AVRDUDE installs a manual page as well as info, HTML and PDF
documentation.  The manual page is installed in
@code{/usr/local/man/man1} area, while the HTML and PDF documentation
is installed in @code{/usr/local/share/doc/avrdude} directory.  The
info manual is installed in @code{/usr/local/info/avrdude.info}.

Note that these locations can be altered by various configure options
such as @option{--prefix}.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows,  , Unix, Platform Dependent Information
@section Windows

@menu
* Windows Installation::        
* Windows Configuration Files::  
* Windows Port Names::          
* Using the parallel port::     
* Documentation::               
* Credits.::                    
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows Installation, Windows Configuration Files, Windows, Windows
@subsection Installation

@noindent
A Windows executable of avrdude is included in WinAVR which can be found at
@url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr}. WinAVR is a suite of executable, 
open source software development tools for the AVR for the Windows platform.

To build avrdude from the source You must have Cygwin (@url{http://www.cygwin.com/}).

To build and install from the source tarball for Windows (using Cygwin):

@example
$ set PREFIX=<your install directory path>
$ export PREFIX
$ gunzip -c avrdude-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz | tar xf -
$ cd avrdude-@value{VERSION}
$ ./configure LDFLAGS="-static" --prefix=$PREFIX --datadir=$PREFIX 
--sysconfdir=$PREFIX/bin --enable-versioned-doc=no
$ make
$ make install
@end example


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows Configuration Files, Windows Port Names, Windows Installation, Windows
@subsection Configuration Files

@menu
* Configuration file names::    
* How AVRDUDE finds the configuration files.::  
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Configuration file names, How AVRDUDE finds the configuration files., Windows Configuration Files, Windows Configuration Files
@subsubsection Configuration file names

@noindent
AVRDUDE on Windows looks for a system configuration file name of
@code{avrdude.conf} and looks for a user override configuration file of
@code{avrdude.rc}.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node How AVRDUDE finds the configuration files.,  , Configuration file names, Windows Configuration Files
@subsubsection How AVRDUDE finds the configuration files.
 
@noindent
AVRDUDE on Windows has a different way of searching for the system and
user configuration files. Below is the search method for locating the
configuration files:

@enumerate

@item
The directory from which the application loaded.

@item
The current directory.

@item
The Windows system directory. On Windows NT, the name of this directory
is @code{SYSTEM32}.

@item
Windows NT: The 16-bit Windows system directory. The name of this
directory is @code{SYSTEM}.

@item
The Windows directory.

@item
The directories that are listed in the PATH environment variable.

@end enumerate


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows Port Names, Using the parallel port, Windows Configuration Files, Windows
@subsection Port Names

@menu
* Serial Ports::                
* Parallel Ports::              
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Serial Ports, Parallel Ports, Windows Port Names, Windows Port Names
@subsubsection Serial Ports
 
@noindent
When you select a serial port (i.e. when using an STK500) use the
Windows serial port device names such as: com1, com2, etc.
 
@c
@c Node
@c
@node Parallel Ports,  , Serial Ports, Windows Port Names
@subsubsection Parallel Ports

@noindent
AVRDUDE will only accept 3 Windows parallel port names: lpt1, lpt2, or
lpt3.  Each of these names corresponds to a fixed parallel port base
address:

@table @code
@item lpt1
0x378

@item lpt2
0x278

@item lpt3
0x3BC

@end table

On your desktop PC, lpt1 will be the most common choice. If you are
using a laptop, you might have to use lpt3 instead of lpt1. Select the
name of the port the corresponds to the base address of the parallel
port that you want.


@c
@c Node
@c 
@node Using the parallel port, Documentation, Windows Port Names, Windows
@subsection Using the parallel port

@menu
* Windows NT/2K/XP::            
* Windows 95/98::               
@end menu

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows NT/2K/XP, Windows 95/98, Using the parallel port, Using the parallel port
@subsubsection Windows NT/2K/XP

@noindent
On Windows NT, 2000, and XP user applications cannot directly access the
parallel port. However, kernel mode drivers can access the parallel port.
giveio.sys is a driver that can allow user applications to set the state
of the parallel port pins.

Before using AVRDUDE, the giveio.sys driver must be loaded. The
accompanying command-line program, loaddrv.exe, can do just that.

To make things even easier there are 3 batch files that are also
included:

@enumerate
@item install_giveio.bat
Install and start the giveio driver.

@item status_giveio.bat
Check on the status of the giveio driver.

@item remove_giveio.bat
Stop and remove the giveio driver from memory.
@end enumerate

These 3 batch files calls the loaddrv program with various options to
install, start, stop, and remove the driver.

When you first execute install_giveio.bat, loaddrv.exe and giveio.sys
must be in the current directory. When install_giveio.bat is executed it
will copy giveio.sys from your current directory to your Windows
directory. It will then load the driver from the Windows directory. This
means that after the first time install_giveio is executed, you should 
be able to subsequently execute the batch file from any directory and have
it successfully start the driver.

@c
@c Node
@c
@node Windows 95/98,  , Windows NT/2K/XP, Using the parallel port
@subsubsection Windows 95/98

@noindent
On Windows 95 and 98 the giveio.sys driver is not needed.


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Documentation, Credits., Using the parallel port, Windows
@subsection Documentation

@noindent
AVRDUDE installs a manual page as well as info, HTML and PDF
documentation.  The manual page is installed in
@code{/usr/local/man/man1} area, while the HTML and PDF documentation
is installed in @code{/usr/local/share/doc/avrdude} directory.  The
info manual is installed in @code{/usr/local/info/avrdude.info}.

Note that these locations can be altered by various configure options
such as @option{--prefix} and @option{--datadir}.


@c
@c Node
@c
@node Credits.,  , Documentation, Windows
@subsection Credits.

@noindent
Thanks to:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Dale Roberts for the giveio driver.

@item
Paula Tomlinson for the loaddrv sources.

@item
Chris Liechti <cliechti@@gmx.net> for modifying loaddrv to be command
line driven and for writing the batch files.

@end itemize

@bye